the process by which the individual selects, organizes, interprets, and responds to information

person's election process involves both external and internal factors

Objects in the person's environment

Observation

Perceptual Selection

Perceptual Organization

Interpretation

Response

the belief that space needs to be in harmony with the environment

means "wind" and "water"

when a harmonious arrangement is created between the wind and water, the individual or oganization prospers and the quality of life improves

the process by which people filter out most information so that they can deal with the most important matters

depends on several factors, some of which are in the external environment and some of which are internal to the perceiver

1. Size: the larger the object, the more likely it is to be perceived
2. Intensity: the more intense an external factor (bright lights, loud noises, and the like), the more likely it is to be perceived)
3. Contrast: external factors that stand out against the background or that aren't what individuals expect are the most likely to be noticed
4. Motion: a moving factor is more likely to be perceived than a stationary factor
5. Repetition: a repeated factor is more likely to be noticed than a single factor
6. Novely and Familiarity: either a familiar or a novel factor in the environment can attract attention, depending on the circumstances

1. Personality
2. Learning
3. Motivation

• an expectation of a particular interpretation based on the person's past experience with the same or a similar object

the process by which the individual attributes characteristics or traits to other people

follows the same process of perception with the same sequence of observation, selection, organization, interpretation, and response.  however, the object being perceived is another person

in general, the factors influencing person perception are the same as those that inluence perceptual selection: Both external and internal factors affect person perception.  However, we may usefully categorize factors that influence how a person perceive another as: 

• characteristics of the perceived
• characteristics of the perceiver
• the situation or context within which the perception takes place

when perceiving someone else, you need to be aware of various cues given by that person: facial expressions, general appearance, skin color, posture, gender, age, voice quality, behaviors, and the like

Each individul seems to have implicit ideas about the relationships among physical characteristics, personality traits, and specific behaviors

a person'a beliefs about the relationships between another's physical characteristics and personality

ex) a person may believe that some voice-quality characteristics indicate that the speaker has certain personality traits. 

Perceptual Accuracy

Similarity Error:

• interviewers tend to be positively predisposed toward job candidates who are similar to them (background, interests, hobbies, jobs, etc...) and may be negatively biased against job candidates who are unlike them

Perceptual Accuracy:

Contrast error

Perceptual Accuracy:

Overweighting of negative information

Perceptual Accuracy:

Race, Gender, and Age bias

Perceptual Accuracy:

First-Impression error

the tendency for someon's expectations about another to cause that individual to behave in a manner consistent with those expectations

expecting certain things to happen shapes the behavior of the perceiver in such a way that the expected is more likely to happen

the tendency for individuals to see their own traits in other people

individual projects his or her own feelings, personality characteristics, attitudes, or motives onto others

an attempt by an individual to manipulate or control the impressions that others form about them

this includes everything from how people talk to how they dress, and the hand gestures they use to how they walk

1. Self-promotion
2. Ingratiation
3. Intimidation
4. Supplication
5. Exemplification

the person tries to present himself in a positive light

ex) employee reminds boss about accomplishments

The person flatters others so they will see the person as likable

ex) employee compliments manager on good customer service after the manager handled a complaint from an irate customer

The person lets others know that she can make life difficult for them if they push her

ex) employee tries to push others to get things one on schedule or else

The person acts like he needs help so others will help him

ex) employee asks for help on a task that he could perform himself

The peson stays late so others know she is working hard

ex) employee is the last one to leve the parking lot and the first one to arrive

refers to the ways in which people come to understand the causes of their own and others' behaviors

reflects the person's need to explain events throught the deliberate actions of others rather than viewing them as random events

the individual infers "causes" to behaviors that she observes in others

These interpretations often largely determine her reactions to those behaviors

• Antecedents- Factors internal to the perceiver (Information, Beliefs, Motivation)
• Attributions made by the perceiver (perceived causes of behavior such as internal versus external causes)
• Consequences for the perceiver (Behavior, Feelings, Expectations)

Internal Causes: believed to be under an individual's control

External Causes: believed to be beyond a person's control, external factor is the reason for poor performance

the tendency to underestimate the influece of situational factors and to overestimate the influence of personal factors in evaluating someone else's behavior

this error causes the perceiver to ignore important environmental factors that often significantly affect another person's behavior