Term
What did Aristole, around 350 BC, call pain?
1. a sensation
2. an emotion
3. a fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| Almost 2000 years later, what did Descartes call pain? |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1811, Bell proposed this about the nervous system? |
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Definition
| That ventral and dorsal spinal roots had different functions. |
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Term
| In 1906, Sherrington proposed that this stimulation causes a sensation of pain. |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1924, Erlanger, Gasser and Bishop proposed that this aspect of neurons was critical to their function. |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Erlanger, Gasser and Bishop figure out there were different diameter fibers? |
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Definition
| By shocking a frog, they mapped the different signals that were produced over time. They named the signals α, β, δ, etc. |
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Term
| In 1929, Nafe suggested nerves encode their signalling this way. |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1933, Heinbecker, Bishop and O'Leary figured out that these carried pain signals. |
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Definition
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Term
| This important theory of pain function was developed by Melzack and Wall in 1965. |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1997, Caterina identified this important nociceptive molecule. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the specificity theory for pain, what causes a noxious sensation? |
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Definition
| When the stimulus reaches a certain threshold. Once reached, the signal will be interpreted as pain. |
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Term
| T/F: Surgery has never been found to relieve chronic pain. |
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Definition
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Term
| In this theory of pain transmission, an innocuous sensation transforms into a noxious sensation after a certain level. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fibers receive signals in the intensity theory of pain? |
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Definition
| Wide Dynamic Range Neurons (WDR) |
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Term
| In this theory, depending on the rate and locations of the firing neurons, a noxious or innocuous sensation is sent to the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the gate control theory of pain, the tonically active inhibitory neuron is located in this region of the spinal cord. |
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Definition
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Term
Pain is a(n) ________ sensory and
________ experience associated
with ________ tissue
damage, or described in terms of
such damage. |
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Definition
| Unpleasant; emotional; actual or potential |
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Term
| T/F: Pain is present when the patient says so but you don't think so. |
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Definition
| True. Pain is described by the patient. You do not have to find tissue damage for pain to occur. |
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Term
These are the two major classes of
cutaneous nociceptors. |
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Definition
| Aδ and C-polymodal fibers |
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Term
| Perl hypothesized that this would remain the same during each repetition of his pain from temperature experiement. |
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Definition
| The temperature at which pain occurs. |
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Term
| What did Perl discover about the temperature threshold for pain after each repetition of the experiment? What happened to the number of APs? |
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Definition
| It decreased; they increased |
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Term
| T/F: Historically, glial cells were thought to transmit impulses. |
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Definition
| False. Historically, glial cells were thought to be non-functional. They were thought to simply "hold things together". |
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Term
| T/F: Glial cells do not function in neurotransmission but do function in clearing neurons of infections. |
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Definition
| False. In addition to roles in fighting infection, glial cells enhance the release of neurotransmitters, affecting neural excitability. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Neuronal signals activate microglia. |
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Definition
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Term
| In response to activation, glial cells release these which enhance pain and neuronal excitability. |
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Definition
| Proinflammatory Cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-6) |
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Term
| This receives 2nd order neural pain signals from the spinal cord. It is considered the 3rd order. |
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Definition
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Term
| A pain signal sent to the lateral thalamus will produce this effect? A pain signal sent to the medial thalamus will produce this effect? |
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Definition
| Pain sensation; Emotional response |
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Term
| Surgery probably doesn't work for relieving pain because many signals are sent to this structure which is integrated throughout the entire brainstem. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Acupuncture has be proven scientifically to reduce pain. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who turned the US population onto acupunture? |
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Definition
| A journalist travelling with Richard Nixon in the 1970s. |
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Term
Which of these do not help to inhibit pain?
1. Stress
2. Repeated Sensitization
3. Morphine
4. More pain |
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Definition
| 2. Repeated Sensitization |
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Term
| The descending pathway of pain inhibition involves these three main brainstem structures. |
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Definition
1. Periaqueductal grey
2. Nucleus raphe magnus
2. Nucleus caudalis |
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Term
| Which has more pain fibers: incisors or canines? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which are more numerous in teeth: Aδ or C pain fibers? |
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Definition
| C fibers (4 to 1 in incisors, 6 to 1 in canines) |
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Term
| T/F: Very small pain fibers travel up the dentinal tubules. |
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Definition
| False. Pain fibers are close to, but not present in, the dentinal tubules. They sense the movement of fluid within the tubules. |
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Term
| T/F: Tooth pain travels from the sensory roots of the trigeminal nerve to the nucleus caudalis, then up the trigemino-reticulo-thalamic or neo-trigeminalthalamic tracts before synapsing on the thalamus. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: There is not a strong relationship between the level of pain and the amount of tissue damage. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Phantom pain is caused by free nerve endings left over after amputation that are sending confusing signals to the reticular formation. |
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Definition
| False. There is no physiological explanation yet found for phantom pain. |
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Term
| "Silent" Nociceptors are activated by ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the lecture, the placebo effect is ________ and _________-mediated. |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Benedetti et al establish by showing that naloxone did not affect the natural history of the pain response? |
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Definition
| Pain transmission does not involve opioids |
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Term
What did Benedetti et al establish by observing that pain perception diminished in only the left hand after applying placebo cream?
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Definition
| The placebo effect is local |
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Term
What did Benedetti et al establish by showing that naloxone caused the patients to report no change in pain levels after the placebo cream was applied?
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Definition
| The placebo effect is opioid-mediated |
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