Term
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Definition
1. consists of the bones, skull, thorax, and vertebral column.
2. form the longitudinal axis of the body.
3. 126 Bones |
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Term
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Definition
1.includes bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach limbs to the axial skeleton
2. 80 bones |
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Term
| Functions of the Skeletal System |
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Definition
1. Support
2. Storage of Minerals
3. Blood Cell Production
4.Protection
5.Leverage |
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Term
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Definition
1. thin, roughly parallel surfaces
2. examples: cranial bones and sternum |
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Term
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Definition
1. irregular bones formed between cranial bones
2. number, size and shape vary |
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Term
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Definition
1. relatively long and slender
2. examples: various bones of the limbs |
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Term
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Definition
1.complex shapes
2.examples: vertebrae, bones of pelvis, facial bones |
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Term
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Definition
1. Small, flat, and somewhat shaped liked sesame seed
2. develop in tendons of knee, hands, and feet
3.individual variation in location and number |
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Term
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Definition
1. small and boxy
2. examples: bones of the wrist and ankles |
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Term
| Surface Features of the Skull |
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Definition
1. canal or meatus
2. process
3.sinus
4.foramen
5.fissure |
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Term
| Surface Features of the Femur |
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Definition
1. trochanter
2. neck
3. facet |
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Term
| Surface Features of the Humerus |
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Definition
1. head
2. turbercle
3. sulcus
4. tuberosity
5. diaphysis
6. trochlea
7. condyle |
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Term
| Surface Features of the Pelvis |
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Definition
1. crest
2. fossa
3. line
4. spine
5. ramus |
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Term
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Definition
1. epiphysis
2. metaphysis
3. diaphysis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Nutrient Artery/Vein
2. Nutrient Foramen
3. Metaphyseal Artery/Vein
4. Articular Cartiliage |
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Term
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Definition
1. smaller blood vessels
2. lymphatic vessels
3. sensory nerves |
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Term
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Definition
1. maintain protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix
2. most numerous bone cell type
3. mature bone cells that cannot divide
4. occupy lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
1. produce new bony matrix
2. become osteocytes once surrounded by bony matrix |
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Term
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Definition
1. mesenchymal (stem) cells that produce cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
2. important in fracture repair
3. locations: inner lining of periosteum, lining endosteum, lining passageways containing blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
1. remove and remodel bone matrix
2. giant cells with 50+ nuclei
3. release acids and proteolytic enzymes to dissolve matrix and release stored mineral |
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Term
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Definition
1. functional unit is osteon
2. organized concentric lamellae organized around central canal
3. circumferential lamellae: outer and inner surfaces of compact bone layer
4. interstitial lamellae: fill spaces between osteons |
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Term
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Definition
1. located where bones are not heavily stressed or in many directions
2. lamellae form struts and plates (trabeculae) creating and open network |
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Term
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Definition
1. increases bone diameter or existing bones
2. osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts that add bone matrix under periostenium
3. deeper lamellae recycled and replaced by osteons
4. osteoclasts remove matrix at inner
surface to enlarge medullary cavity |
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Term
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Definition
1. fibrous outer layer
2. cellular inner layer |
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Term
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Definition
1. isolate bone from surrounding tissues
2. provides a route for the blood and nervous supply
3. actively participates in bone growth and repair |
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Term
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Definition
1. incomplete cellular layer lignin the medullary cavity
2. covers spongy bone and lines central canals
3. consists of simple layer of osteoprogenitor cells
4. where incomplete, osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel matrix |
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Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
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Definition
1. in shafts, chondrocytes, enlarge and matrix ossifies
2. blood vessels grow around cartilage edge, and osteoblasts form to create a superficial layer of bone
3. blood vessels penetrate central region
4. medullary cavity created as cartilage replaced by osseous tissue
5. secondary ossification centers form as capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into epiphyses
6. epiphyses fill with spongy bone
7. bone grows in length at epiphyseal cartilage |
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Term
| Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
| 1. begins as mesenchymal (stem) cells differentiate into osteoblasts within embryonic or fibrous connective tissues |
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Term
| Steps of Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
1. mesenchymal cells secrete osteoid matrix
2. osteoid matrix becomes mineralized
3. bone grows out in small struts
4. osteoblasts become trapped and mature into osteocytes
5. blood vessels enter and become trapped in developing bone |
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Term
| Intramembranous Ossification (Embryonic) |
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Definition
1. spongy bone formed initially
2. remodeling around blood vessels forms osteons of compact bone
3. periosteum forms, lined with osteoblasts
4. begins at approx. 8th week of embryonic development |
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Term
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Definition
1. reduction in growth hormone leads to reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity and short bones
2. rare due to treatment with synthetic growth hormone |
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Term
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Definition
1. epiphyseal cartilage grows unusually slow
2. limbs are short
3. trunk is normal size |
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Term
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Definition
1. excessive cartilage formation at epiphyseal cartilage
2. causes long, slender limbs
3. other connective tissure abnormalities cause cardiovascular issues |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. overproduction of growth hormone before puberty |
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Term
| Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) |
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Definition
| 1. gene mutation that causes bone deposition around skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
1. growth hormone levels rise after epiphyseal plates close
2. bones get thicker |
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Term
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Definition
1. most abundant mineral in the body
2. approx. 99% deposited in skeleton
3. levels controlled by activities of : intestines, bones, and kidneys |
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Term
| Hormonal Control of Calcium |
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Definition
1. increase of calcium levels: parathyroid hormone
2. decrease of calcium levels: calcitonin from thyroid gland C cells
3. release of calcium into blood weakens bones |
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Term
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Definition
1. crack or break due to extreme mechanical stress
2. most heal as long as blood supply and cellular parts of periosteum and endosteum survive |
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Term
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Definition
1. large blood clot (fracture hematoma) develops
2. calluses form (internal and external)
3. calluses replaced and dead bone moved
4. remodeling of healed bone |
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Term
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Definition
1. Close or Simple
2. Open or Compound
3. Transverse
4. Spiral
5. Displaced
6. Compression
7. Greenstick
8. Comminuted
9. Epiphyseal
10. Pott
11. Colles |
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