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OSUL Himebaugh Hist151 Exam2
Not weighed against actual exam.
112
History
Undergraduate 1
02/14/2009
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Term
T/F
By the end of the Great War for Empire in 1763, France lost very little of its land in the Americas.
 Definition
False
France lost nearly all of its American territory.
Term
T/F
Britain's victory in the Great War for Empire grew England's land territory in America and all over the world.
 Definition
True
Term
Who did the young King George III choose to run the British empire in 1763 as the Great War ended, what was his official title, and what were his 2 responsibilities?
 Definition
George Grenville as Prime Minister
1. Reduce the financial burden
2. Maintain control in the Americas
Term
What was on top of Grenville's priority list and what spawned it?
 Definition
Prevent native American rebellion.
Pontiac's Rebellion.
Term
What was Grenville's second priority and why?
 Definition
Raise taxes in the American colonies.
Demonstrate control over the colonies as well as pay for the war debt.
Term
Grenville's third and fourth priorities in regards to the empire sought to do what?
 Definition
Pacify the French and Spanish peoples left under British rule in the newly won territories of America.
Term
What did the Proclamation Line of 1763 proclaim?
 Definition
Colonists were not allowed to strike out west of the Appalachians.
Term
The Sugar Act of 1763 was a compromise between what two sugar producers?
 Definition
British West Indies & the French West Indies.
Term
What was the compromise made in the Sugar Act of 1763?
 Definition
The proposed tax by the British West Indies on French molasses of six pence per gallon caused an uproar in the British Mainland Colonies who wanted no tax. The compromise was a 3 pence per gallon tax.
Term
In what ways did the colonies plan to rebel against the Sugar Act?
 Definition
Smuggling and bribing officials at the Customs House where import taxes are assessed and paid.
Term
What was the measure built into the Sugar Act that would prevent the colonists from evading the tax?
 Definition
Establishment of Admiralty Courts.
Term
What is the difference between a Colonial Court and an Admiralty Court?
 Definition
The Colonial Court was a trial by peer jury. The Admiralty Court had no jury and was judged by British judges.
Term
Admiralty Courts were established to try what types of crimes?
 Definition
Smuggling
Term
True or False
Admiralty Courts were established only in the American colonies.
 Definition
False
They were established in all reaches of their empire, but Americans felt most discriminated against from it.
Term
In 1765, England passed the Stamp Act. What were stamps?
 Definition
Stamps were a special water-marked paper obtained from government officials on which legal documents and transactions were recorded.
Term
Who coined the phrase "Taxation without representation"?
 Definition
Benjamin Franklin
Term
What reason did American colonists have for not fighting for representation in England?
 Definition
They felt representatives would not be able to maintain a connection to American sentiment from across the ocean.
Term
Who was Thomas Gage?
 Definition
He was the military leader of all british military forces stationed in America.
Term
Who suggested the Quartering Act of 1765?
 Definition
Thomas Gage
Term
What would the Quartering Act of 1765 establish?
 Definition
Americans to pay for the lodging and food of British troops stationed in America.
Term
True or False
Britain maintained its policy of Salutary Neglect until the colonies declared independence.
 Definition
False.
The breaking of Salutary Neglect and incorporation of subsequent taxes led to the Declaration of Independence.
Term
The Quartering Act of 1765 aroused some colonists to form what groups?
 Definition
The Sons of Liberty, the Daughters of Liberty, and the Stamp Act Congress.
Term
What tactics did the Sons of Liberty engage in to protest British oppression?
 Definition
Mob riots
Terrorizing tax collectors to press them to retire their post.
Term
True or False
The Sons of Liberty consisted entirely of the lower class
 Definition
False
Consisted of the lower class but led by the upper class members.
Term
In general, those who joined the Sons of Liberty had their own reason for joining. What were the three main categories of decision?
 Definition
Religious
Economic
Political
Term
Those joining the Sons of Liberty for religious reasons carried what argument?
 Definition
The British government is corrupt.
Term
Those joining the Sons of Liberty for economic reasons carried what argument?
 Definition
The new taxes are causing lower quality living standards.
Term
Those joining the Sons of Liberty for political reasons carried what argument?
 Definition
Variously opposed to the monarchy
Term
True or False
Though gaining much attention, the Sons of Liberty were largely ineffective.
 Definition
False.
They were largely effective in preventing the collection of taxes and continued to grow in other areas.
Term
In reaction to British taxes, the Stamp Act Congress was established. What milestone did the Stamp Act Congress reach in the pre-development of an independent American government?
 Definition
It was the first representative coalition to meet in a leadership capacity.
Term
True or False
The letter of complaint the Stamp Act Congress sent to the King caused him to realize the potential dangers his policies were creating in keeping British control in the colonies.
 Definition
False.
The king merely threw the letter away.
Term
What tactics did the Daughters of Liberty engage in to protest British oppression?
 Definition
Passed around non-importation or non-consumption petitions to boycott English products.
Term
True or False
Though gaining much attention, the Daughters of Liberty were largely ineffective.
 Definition
False.
Since America was a valuable market to Britain, this damaged the English economy.
Term
As a result of the various protest methods employed by the Americans, the British ___ the Stamp Act in 1766.
 Definition
Repealed
Term
As a result of the various protest methods employed by the Americans, the British ___ the Sugar Act in 1766.
 Definition
Reduced to 1 pence/gallon
Term
As a result of the various protest methods employed by the Americans, the British ___ the Declaratory Act in 1766.
 Definition
Established
Term
What does the Declaratory Act of 1766 basically state?
 Definition
England still retains the right to tax the colonies in the future.
Term
Five new taxes are introduced in the ___ Acts of 1767 on British imports. What English imports were effected?
 Definition
Townshend;
Paint    Paper    Tea
   Led      Glass
Term
England estimated 35,000-40,000 pounds annually in it's Townshend Acts. The average annual income result was ___.
 Definition
295 pounds per year
Term
A series of essays called Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania were written in response to the Townshend Acts by what prominent lawyer?
 Definition
John Dickinson
Term
In response to the Townshend Acts, another declaration of protest was sent to England, but not before ___.
 Definition
it was printed in colonial newspapers for all to read
Term
In 1770, England repealed all but one of the Townshend taxes. Which product retained its taxability?
 Definition
Tea
Term
The Sugar Act primarily effected what sugar by-product and popular drink made from it?
 Definition
Molasses and Rum
Term
Of the three main groups formed against British taxes, which one proved the most effective?
 Definition
Daughters of Liberty
Term
By 1770, people tended to fall into one of four categories when it came to their opinion on British-American relations. What were the names of these?
 Definition
Moderate Whigs;
Radical Whigs;
Loyalists;
Uncommited
Term
What was the stance of the Moderate Whigs in 1770? Who was the most prominent among them?
 Definition
They preferred to return to Salutary Neglect that England once practiced with America. They did not want to sever ties with the British Empire, but also believed that the American economic system had grown away from England's.
Benjamin Franklin
Term
What was the stance of the Radical Whigs in 1770? Who was the most prominent among them?
 Definition
Because America was given no avenue to voice their political sentiments in England, they called for revolution and independence.
Though the fewest in number in 1770, among them were Samuel Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and John Hancock.
Term
What was the stance of the Loyalists in 1770? Who was the most prominent among them?
 Definition
They agrred that England retained the right to tax and regulate.
They were mostly made up of those who already made their fortunes and therefor had much to lose should a revolution break out.
Term
What was the stance of the Uncommited in 1770? Who was the most prominent among them?
 Definition
Either being understanding of both sides of the argument would not commit. Or else primarily concerned with their personal matters that attention to the situation was not a priority.
In 1770, the majority of people fell into this category.
Term
Among the great leaders of the Radical Whigs, who stands out for his effort for the cause?
 Definition
Samuel Adams
Term
What were the three reasons the Radical Whigs had the upper hand?
 Definition
1. They established a political organization: The Committees of Correspondence
2. Have a common issue of complaint: Taxes
3. Had great leaders
Term
What were the initial activities of the Committees of Congress?
 Definition
They wrote letters back and forth communicating the local impact of British oppression. They also spread propaganda.
Term
True or False
The activities of British oppression in the years 1770-1773 gave the Radical Whigs plenty of fuel for the fire.
 Definition
False. Britain laid relatively low during these years.
Term
What was the "spark" of 1773 that the Radical Whigs were able to capitalize on?
 Definition
The Tea Act
Term
Who was the Tea Act supposed to help "bail out"?
 Definition
East India Company
Term
The Radical Whigs exploited the Tea Act using what argument? Where had many Americans been getting their tea?
 Definition
Said that it was a trick to get Americans to buy British tea instead of the Dutch tea smuggled in.
Term
What definition did the Sons of Liberty apply to the word Patriot?
 Definition
Anyone who opposed British government.
Term
Britain's reaction to the Tea Party was the ___ which were also considered the ___ by the Americans.
 Definition
Coercive Acts; Intolerable Acts
Term
The shutting down of Boston Harbor by the British was a part of the ___ Acts.
 Definition
Coercive (or Intolerable) Acts
Term
After the Boston Tea Party, Boston Harbor was shut down until what stipulation was met?
 Definition
That all the tea that had been destroyed be paid for.
Term
How was the Quartering Act of 1774 different than the one in 1765?
 Definition
The same, but also allowed the British army the right to seize private property for their own use.
Term
What was the American response to the Coercive Acts of 1774?
 Definition
The First Continental Congress.
Term
Where did the First Continental Congress meet?
 Definition
Philadelphia
Term
True or False
The Coercive Acts were finally repealed due to American protest actions.
 Definition
False
Term
The Coercive Acts shut down what state government as well as the town meetings?
 Definition
Massachusetts
Term
True or False
The First Continental Congress was gathered to discuss independence.
 Definition
False
Term
After the meeting of the First Continental Congress, what was established in every colony?
 Definition
Militia and munitions at the ready.
Term
Who is in charge of the British military in 1775?
 Definition
General Thomas Gage
Term
In search of munitions stockpiled by the militia, British troops march to ___, MA.
 Definition
Lexington;
Term
Paul Revere rode out to warn the minute men and especially ___ & ___ the army was coming for them.
 Definition
Sam Adams & John Hancock
Term
Who rode out with Paul Revere?
 Definition
William Dawes and a posse.
Term
Why did Paul Revere cry out, "The Regulars are coming?" and not "The British..." as is commonly told?
 Definition
The Americans considered themselves British.
Term
The first shots of the Revolutions were fired in what city?
 Definition
Lexington, MA
Term
The battle at ___ was fought with 700 British soldiers against 400 militia men. This was the first American victory and the first significant battle of the Revolution.
 Definition
Concord
Term
At the Second Continental Congress, George Washington is elected as General of the ___.
 Definition
Continental Army
Term
True or False
The Second Continental Congress was the first to discuss independence.
 Definition
True
Term
What two qualities did G. Washington have that caused the majority of congress to elect him as the military commander.
 Definition
He was from Virginia (the most populous colony) and his charisma was admired by most.
Term
The Battle of Bunker Hill was well fought by the Americans, but why was it still considered a loss?
 Definition
They had to retreat after running out of gunpowder.
Term
Due to lack of supplies, America often lost the battle while still gaining the "___ ___."
 Definition
moral victory
Term
True or False
French-Canadians join the cause of the Revolution.
 Definition
False
Term
What three events ultimately caused the move to independence?
 Definition
1. Britain's Prohibitory Act proclaiming the Americans officially in rebellion and should be shut down.
2. England involving other countries by hiring the fierce German Hessians to fight.
3. The Common Sense pamphlet is written and distributed around the colonies.
Term
Who wrote Common Sense?
 Definition
Thomas Paine
Term
True or False
When the Declaration of Independence is printed in newspapers, the majority of citizens are upset with the congress.
 Definition
False. They are celebratory.
Term
What are the five reasons America should have lost the Revolution?
 Definition
1. Lack of military manpower, training, & equipment. Britain was stronger in each of these.
2. Inadequate funds and currency.
3. Inexperienced military
4. No foreign allies
5. Lack of a unified homefront.
Term
Who replaced Thomas Gage as the British General?
 Definition
William Howe
Term
The possession of what key city along the Hudson would either unite or divide New England from the rest of the colonies?
 Definition
Albany, NY
Term
True or False
For all the British victories, they never took Philadelphia.
 Definition
False
Term
Who, could it be argued, won America the Battle of Saratoga?
 Definition
Benedict Arnold
Term
Who took credit for winning Saratoga?
 Definition
Horatio Gates
Term
What battle convinces France that America has a winning chance?
 Definition
Saratoga
Term
Ben Franklin aids in creating the ___ in France bringing them in as allies in the fight.
 Definition
Treaty of Alliance
Term
What foreign country recognized American independence first?
 Definition
France
Term
In exchange for France's help in the war, what is France is given?
 Definition
British islands in the Caribbean
Term
For what 3 reasons was an alliance between America and France unlikely?
 Definition
1. Americans had initiated the French & Indian war and France was reluctant to go to war with Britain again.
2. America was predominantly Protestant, France was not.
3. America was fighting for a Republic, France was a long-standing monarchy.
Term
In spite of their differences, America and France united in war because ___.
 Definition
They both hated England
Term
The alliance between France and America causes Britain to ___.
 Definition
Repeal the Tea Act, the Prohibitory Act, and the Declaratory Act, and offer Salutary Neglect once again.
Term
What is the Declaratory Act?
 Definition
Britain's claim to remain able to tax colonies
Term
Once Britain resigns itself that America isn't backing down from its stance, they turn their focus toward ___.
 Definition
the southern states.
Term
In 1781, Washington and the French/American army and the French Navy have a major victory at Yorktown, VA defeating ___ and his 7,000 troops.
 Definition
Charles Cornwallis
Term
Which battle made the outcome of the Revolution fairly obvious?
 Definition
The Battle at Yorktown
Term
What document officially ended the Revolutionary War in 1783? Who negotiated it on behalf of America?
 Definition
The Treaty of Paris
Ben Franklin and John Adams
Term
Britain recognized American independence and forfeited the Northwest Territory which consisted of what region?
 Definition
From the Appalachians to the Mississippi River.
Term
At the end of the war for independence, Britain retained Canada which was considered anything ___.
 Definition
North of the Great Lakes
Term
What were the 3 reasons America won the Revolution?
 Definition
1. The reluctant British strategy
2. George Washington's influence
3. French Aid which included troops, loans, equipment, and training.
Term
By 1804, every state north of Delaware passed laws on slavery that either ___
 Definition
Abolished it, or allowed for a gradual discontinuance.
Term
The "Peculiar Institution" is easy speak for ___.
 Definition
slavery
Term
The reason the South held on to slavery was because ___.
 Definition
Their economy was directly tied to it.
Term
Who invented the Cotton Gin?
 Definition
Eli Whitney
Term
What was the first Constitution called?
 Definition
The Articles of Confederation
Term
Describe some qualities of the first constitution.
 Definition
One branch of government (legislative).
One one house with a single rep for each state.
Any law required 9/13 or better.
There is no power to tax or tariff.
No prescription for income except donations.
Term
The French representative that sought aid from America was ___.
 Definition
Edmond Genet
Term
The Jay Treaty was named after ___.
 Definition
Justice John Jay
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