Term
What are the Seven structures that make up the nervous system? |
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Definition
1. Brain
2. Crainial Nerves and their branches
3. Spinal Cord
4. Spinal Nerves and their branches
5. Ganglia
6. Enteric plexuses
7. Sensory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
- Enclosed by the skull
- Twelve pairs of (right and left) of cranial nerves emerge from the base of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
- Emerge from the base of the brian, twelve pairs (L&R)
- Each nerve follows a defined path and serves a specific region of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
- connects the brain
- is encircled by the bones of the vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
- emerge from the spinal cord
- there are thirty-one pairs
- each pair serves a specific region on the right or left side of the body. |
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Term
Ganglia
(refering to PNS) |
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Definition
- means swelling or knot
- they are small masses of nervous tissue that are located outside the brain and spinal cord.
- they contain cell bodies of neurons |
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Term
Enteric Plexuses
* network of neurons |
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Definition
- are located in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract
- help regulate the digestive system |
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Term
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Definition
- either the dendrites of sensory neurons (such as sensory receptors in the skin)
- or separate, specialized cells that monitor changes in the internal or external environment (such as photoreceptors in the retina of the eye). |
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Term
What are the three basic functions that the Nervous System carries out? |
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Definition
1. Sensory Function
2. Integrative Function
3. Motor Function |
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Term
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Definition
- detect many types of stimuli
(within or outside the body) |
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Term
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Definition
- Analyzes the incoming information and stores some of it.
- It also makes the decisions for appropriate responses.
- An important integrative functin is perception, the conscious awarenes of sensory stimuli.
- Interneurons: acts as a link between sensory neurons and motor neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Elicits an appropriate motor response |
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Term
Sensory or Afferent Neurons |
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Definition
| - Carry the Sensory Function information into the brain and spinal cord through cranial and spinal nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| - acts as a link between sensory neurons and motor neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Carry the appropriate response from the brain toward the spinal cord or out of the brain and spinal cord to effectors (muscles and glands) through cranial and spinal nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| - A muscle, gland, or organ capable of responding to a stimulus, especially a nerve impulse. |
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Term
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Definition
- A bundle of hundres to thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels that lie outside the brian and spinal cord.
- Each nerve follows a defined path and serves a specific region of the body. |
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Term
What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Term
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Definition
- Is all the nervous tissue inside the CNS
- Integrates (processes) the information that it receives and coordinates the activity
- Consists of the brain and spinal cord
- the source of thoughts, emotions and memories |
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Term
Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
- Consists of nerves and their branches, ganglia, and sensory recptors.
- Main function is to connect the Central Nervous System to the limbs and organs. |
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Term
What are the three subdivisions of Peripheral Nervous System? |
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Definition
1. Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
3. Enteric Nervous System (ENS) |
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Term
Somatic (body) Nervous System
(SNS) |
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Definition
- consist of:
1. Sensory Neurons: convey information from somatic receptors to the Central Nervous System.
2. Motor Neurons conduct impulses from the Central Nervous System to skeletal muscles only (the action of this PNS is voluntary). |
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Term
Autonomic (self) Nervous System
(ANS) |
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Definition
consists of:
1. Sensory Neurons convey information from autonomic sensory recepters to the central nervous system.
2. Motor Neurons conduct nerve impulses from the central nerves system to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (are not under conscious control, therefore the action of the ANS is involuntary). |
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Term
Enteric (intestines) Nervous System
(ENS) |
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Definition
- the "brain of the gut"
- operation is involuntary
- Its neurons extand most of the length of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
1. Sensory Neurons: monitor chemical changes within the GI tract and the stretching of its walls.
2. Motor Neurons: govern contraction of GI tract smooth muscle, secretions of the GI tract organs, and activity of GI tract endocrine cells. |
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Term
The motor part of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) consists of two divisions.
What are the two divisions? |
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Definition
1. Sympathetic Division
2. Parasympathetic division
(they have opposing actions) |
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Term
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Definition
| - speeds up actions, like an exercise or the so-called "flight or fight" response |
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Term
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Definition
| - takes care of the rest and digest activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Receptors located on the body surface that receive the environmental stimuli and produces an informative nerve impulse |
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Term
Autonomic Sensory Receptors |
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Definition
| Receptors located in Visceral organs such as the stomach and lungs that receive stimuli and produces an informative nerve impulse |
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Term
Nervous Tissue consists of what two types of cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - Nerve cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling |
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Term
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Definition
| - It supports, nourishes, and protects the neurons and maintains homeostasis in the interstitial fluid that bathes neurons |
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Term
What are the three parts of Neurons? |
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Definition
1. Cell body
2. Dendrites
3. Axon |
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Term
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Definition
- Contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that includes typical organelles souch as rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, itochondria, and Golgi complex.
- Cellular molecules needed for a neuron's operation are synthesized in the cell body. |
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Term
What kind of extensons emerge from the cell body of a neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - are the recieving or input parts of a neuron |
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Term
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Definition
- conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body and towards another neuron, a muscle fiber, or a gland cell.
- output of a neuron |
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Term
Axon hillock
(small hill) |
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Definition
- is a cone shaped elevation that is joined to the the axon
- it's purpose is to connect the cell body to the axon
- Nerve impulses usually arise at the axon hillock and then travel along the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| - a side branch from the main axon line |
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Term
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Definition
| - the end of an axon that touches the dendrite of a neighbouring cell to allow signals to be sent between the two |
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Term
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Definition
| - Is the site where two neurons or a neuron and a effector cell an communicate. |
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Term
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Definition
- Is the swelling around the tips axon terminals
- they contain Synptic vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| - Are tiny sacs that store chemicals called neurotransmitters, which are the means of communication at a synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
- a many layered covering composed of lipid and protein that covers around an axon
- insulates the axon of a neuron and inreases the speed nerve impulse conduction.
- the amount of myelin increases from birth to maturity, that is why an infants response to stimuli are not as rapid nor as coordinated as those as older children or adults. |
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Term
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Definition
- Produce myelin sheaths by wrapping themselves around and around axons
- their myelin sheaths are in the inside while they are in the outer layer |
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Term
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Definition
- Gaps that formed between the myelin sheath
- they appear at intervals along the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| - Are axons with a myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| - Axons without a myelin sheath |
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Term
What are the two types of Matter in the brain? |
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Definition
1. Gray Matter
2. White Matter |
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Term
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Definition
| - consists primarily of myelinated axons of many neurons |
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Term
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Definition
- contains neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
- It looks grey because the cellular organelles impart a gray colr and there is little or no myelin in these areas. |
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Term
When used to desribe nervous tissue, what is the definition of a nucleus? |
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Definition
| - A cluster of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
- Are bundles of axons in teh CNS that extend for some distance up or down the spinal cord or connect parts of the brain with each other and with the spinal cord.
- Much of the white matter consists of tracts. |
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