• extensive focuses on fishery management rather than aquaculture management. low biomass. feed, aeration not required. ideal for recreational ponds. 500-1000lb/acre
• intensive focuses on continuum where management becomes more like traditional farm management. problems include crowding, water quality, aeration, nutrition, infectious disease. feeding required. >>>1000lb/acre

• "all in all out"-system drained at end of production cycle, all fish removed, disinfection and removal of sediment and muck 
• continuous-system rarely drained, following harvest-top off with approximate number of fingerlings to replace fish, industry standard for catfish

• little to no investment in equip/feed
• fish can be trapped  (low tech, low capital)
• water quality problems are minimized by low stocking and feeding rates
• natural food available in pond should be sufficient
• used as source of protein from community managed ponds in region

• livebearers: produce live young, do not lay eggs (guppies, swordtails, mollies, platies)
• traditional: stock broodfish into fertilized pond, offers very low quality (low cost), feed in small amounts, place baited traps and harvest those of sufficient size. 
• no control of genetics or number harvested (poor swords)

• if indoors, more control
• if indoors, elimination of predation
• massive increase in production

• increased risk of disease and disease transmission
• system failure can lead to catastrophic loss, sometimes in minutes
• high start-up and operating costs
• complete diet required

• initial rearing in hatcheries, species dependent methods
• grown out in ponds or tanks
• in ponds, use of aeration and quality feeds to improve production yield, increased used of re-circulating systems for intensive rearing of select species
• biosecurity critical

1. earthen ponds (catfish, shrimp)
2. raceway (rainbow trout)
3. cages or net pens (salmon)
4. re-circulating tank systems (tilapia)
5. underwater lease (clams)

• free or cheap water, no need to continuously pump water
• filtration system not required
• some natural food available

• minimal control of environment
• predation can exceed 70%
• difficult to maintain inventory
• "off flavor" hard to control (algal blooms)

• intensity of managment determined by stocking density
• dissolved oxygen often limiting
• minimal control of rearing conditions

earthen ponds

[image]

• often use free water from river or other sources
• use high flows instead of investment in filtration systems
•  relatively inexpensive if not needing to continuously pump water

• poor control of water source
• introduce disease and contaminanes if using surface water
• concerns with effluent (contamination or disease to surface water)
• crowding facilities rapid spread of disease
• treatments can be difficult because of large volume of water used

• tidal flush provides "free" water exchange
• risk of contamination or disease introduction from local water
• easy to harvest

• very controversial in populated areas
• exposure to wild fish, postential disease intro
• potential for contamination from local water
• susceptible to storm damage
• predation
• concern for damage to local enviro
• very crowded (hi disease spread)
• difficult to treat

• complete control of envrio
• elimination of predation
• very efficient grow out for suitable species
• treatment easier and less expensive than other systems

• very hi capital investment
• hi risk (e.g. power failure)
• intensive managment requirements
• expensive to operate and maintain
• biosecurity is critical

• no "down time" to dry out pond
• simply replace the # of animals harvested with similar fingerlings
• practical for very large ponds

• loose track of inventory
• pond banks erode
• massive accumulation of organic matter
• maintenance is major
• major disease control can be very difficult

• better control of inventory
• avoid buildup of organic material
• can produce multiple crops in same pond
• much better for biosecurity

• labor intensive
• more effluent from pond

• channel catfish, 10th globally, (not in FL)
• hardy species
• spawn easily in container
• produce large egg mass, easily relocated to hatchery

• water quality: low dissolved oxygen, off flavor, ammonia/nitrite
• infectious disease: bacterial, parasitic, fungal, viral

• extremely hardy
• tolerant fo poor quality conditions
• omnivorous
• thrive on low quality feed
• high repro rate, so single sex populations preferred (testosterone in feed)
• thermal limited <50* is fatal
• Francisella

• FW and SW, chlorine, DO meter testing
• microscope
• magnification (dissecting scope)
• basic necropy equipment
• holding units

• MS-222 (withdrawl period)
• clove oil
• special nets, slings, handling techniques

• how long? 
• who affected?
• water testing
• M:M
• stocking density
• species stocked/affected
• signs

• no prep, just wipe clean,
• carefully scrape skin/scales/mucus using cover slip
• use tank water to make your preps
• remove part of caudal fin for wet mount prep

• MS222
• benzocaine HCl
• quinaldine sulfate
• clove oil
• metomidate HCl

>5mg/L should be at or near saturation

determine correct concentrations for inhalants

21 days

tricaine (like cocaine)

eugenol (clove oil)

not good analgesia, not as safe as MS222

1. caudal vein***
2. duct of Cuvier
3. dorsal aorta (anesthetize, posterior to 4th gill)
4. heart (not for survival procedures)

• room air or pure oxygen
•  enough water to cover fish, no more than 1/3 of bag
• water from pond

·         all pigs that go in, all go out, building cleaned out completely before new lot of pigs. 

• decreased death loss
• increased use of facility
• ease of management

• uses material from the pig (manure, animal parts). sick dead baby pigs parts are sometimes ground up and fed to sows. sows get immunity, spreads to healthy pigs. uses specific parts like intestines for TGE.
• don’t do with salmonella
• no spongiform encephalopathy known of in pigs yet. 

o   (segregated early weaning)-piglets taken from sow early, segregated somewhere else since sows are dirty and carry disease. piglets should get colostrum, then be moved to prevent getting disease. early means 10-14 days instead of 21 days. can change based on disease you’re trying to prevent

• medicated or modified medicated early weaning-using medication and targeting specific diseases with early weaning.
• 2 site is sows and piglets separate

•  farrow to finish-one site, all parts of operation (breeding, gestation, farrowing, nursery, growth, finish). not necessarily all in all out.
• feeder pig producer (traditional/weaner)-grow to 40-50lbs and sell.
• feeder pig finisher/contract finishing-buy pigs from above and finish them out
• pure bred producer-pig shows and fairs, good breeding stock
• breeding companies-sow and boar lines, specialized therio
• specialty/niche-show, roaster, producer/retailer
• vertical integration-large companies that own large production, marketing, everything

·         price farmers would receive if farm prices had increased at the same rate as expenses, using 1910-1914 as a base period. 

• dark breeds are typically for meat
• white breeds make good mothers

specific pathogen free (mostly those which are economically important)

o   1º SPF-C-section

o   2º SPF-without C-section, from 1º

o   pseudorabies

o   swine dysentery

o   mycoplasma hyopneumonia

o   brucella suis

o   atrophic rhinitis

o   lice (hematopinus suis)

o   mange

o   leptospirosis

o   Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP)

o   transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)

other e.g. PRRSV

o   prevention

o   treatment

o   gain/feed efficiency

§  not usually Abx used in humans

§  not very much

§  use less feed since gain is more efficient

§  used as preventative during times of outbreak

• residues (e.g. sulfa)
• illegal due to residues (chloramphenicol, DES, nitrofurozone)
• foreign markets
• antibiotic resistence
• food safety

§  to treat disease

§  to prevent major outbreak

§  pigs still drink water when sick (but generally inappetant)

§  water soluble

§  palatable

§  residues

§  cost effective

§  effective vs bugs

o   carbon dioxide

o   gunshot (unsightly) 1 inch above eyes medially. .22, don’t’ use hollow points. large animals-sinuses get in the way, need something more powerful. shotgun won’t ricochet.

o   captive bolt-pig needs to be restrained, need to be up close, may not penetrate sinuses on larger pigs

o   electrocution

o   anesthetic overdose-costly, restraint, carcass disposition is tricky.

o   blunt trauma-smaller pigs-smashed against something

o   exsanguination-don’t do it unless rendered unconscious. allows for better visualization of lesions

hog prices: corn price

20:1 is profitable, 15:1 is unprofitable

1.      prevention of morbidity and mortality

2.      optimize utilization of facilities

3.      optimize utilization of genetic potential

4.      optimize utilization of nutrition

5.      optimize ROI/ROE

a.      return on investment and equity

o   file down needle teeth

o   iron injection (to prevent anemia)

o   navel

o   tail dock

o   ear notch

o   Abx

o   antiserum

o   castrate at the latest

o   repeat C and D antitoxin if necessary

o   coccidiosis medication

o   gilt/boar selection

o   underline screening

o   vaccination (bordetella, Pasteurella, erysipelas)

o   iron injection (if necessary)

o   wean

o   vaccination (mycoplasma, PRRSV)

o   parasite control

o   split weaning-wean the best half of the lot (biggest, fattest), leave the skinny ones to catch up

o   management of facility

o   Abx, meds if necessary

o   vaccination erysipelas

o   Abx for feed: gain ratio

o   parasites

o   site specific factors/management

o   selection of 180lbs

o   flush-increasing nutritional plane to optimize repro (drop a lot of follicles)

o   parasites

o   vaccinations (parvo, lepto, erysipelas)

o   booster

o   herd immunity

o   colostrum management

o   vaccination (E. coli, TGE, rota, erysipelas, SIV, mycoplasma, clostridium)

o   two doses for gilts starting 4-6 weeks prefarrowing

o   booster 

• white scours, wet tail scours, ETEC
• diarrhea, septicemia
• <4 days of age (neonatal)
• non-regional
• pili attach to enterocytes (K88, K99, 987P, F41)
• 100% morbidity, 60-70% mortality (especially piglets of gilts with lower immunity)
• oral/fecal infection route
• dirty environment; ↓temp, ↓colostrum
• clinical signs:  profuse watery diarrhea 12-24 hr after birth or infectionàdehydrationàdeath
• E. coli attachàtoxin secretion of fluid into SIàacidosisàdehydrationàdeath
• dx: history, culture pillus Ag, histopathy, response to tx, impression smear, mixed infections, basic pH
•  DDx: TGE, clostridial enteritis, coccidiosis, strongyloides
• Tx: Abx (gentocin, apralan, tylan, spect. SMZ-TMP) fluids (electrolytes in water), probiotics, Ab preps-monoclonal. farms may have gentocin resistance
• vx: milk, killed bacterins (commercial or autogenous), subunit-pillus Ag, J-5 (core Ag)

• highly infectious viral disease of pigs
• worldwide but ↑problem in US
• 1 serotype of coronavirus (RNA), very stable when frozen
• epizootic: classical outbreaks in late fall, winter, and spring
• enzootic: year round
• virus present in feces in large qty and may be excreted for up to 10 weeks
• spread by fecal/oral and fomites (people, equip, birds, dogs)
• airborn transmission
• unexposed gilts, piglets, immunosuppressed, weaners
• epizootic: morbidity 100%, mortality 0-100% will kill piglets under 10-14 days.
• use dead piglets in feedback 
• clinical signs: profuse watery diarrhea, milk curds, vomiting
• incubation 1-2 days
• enzootic: signs variable but usually in weaned pigs
• M:0-100%, M:0-10%
•  virus replication (lung, duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
• villi damaged, malabsorption, diarrhea, dehydration, death/recovery
• 7-10 day recovery for enterocytes
• viral excretion maximum 1-2 days
• dx: necropsy-thin walled SI, clinical signs, no response to treatment, histopathy,  VI, EM, FAT,  serology-respiratory coronavirus can cross-react,  acidic pH
•  DDx: e. coli, rotavirus, coccidiosis, C. perfringens
• tx: fluids, Abx, wean, ↑temp of the sow
• §  control
• ·   immunity
• o   IgG in response to infection
• o   serum Ab for 7 weeks PI
• o   IgA in gut and colostrum
• o   maternal Ab in piglets 6-12 weeks
• §  epizootics-every 2 years
• §  vx:  oral, IM, IP, MLV/killed.
• §  feedback
• §  quarantine, test,
• §  bird, animal control
• §  biosecurity

•  Isospora suis
• sow NOT the source
• oocysts in piglet environment
• must be 4.5-5 days old!!!
• usually very time specific for farm (usually 6-8 days of age)
• diarrheaàwatery to pasty
• gaunt and rough hair coat
• recovery slowà stunted runts
• mortality/morbidity variable
• 1 oocystà lots of life stages, then 1k-400k oocysts
• oocysts infective to 10 months
• sporulate well in humid areas
• all stages damage small intestine
• path: gross lesions-jejunum and ileum are thickened and turgid
• diarrhea
• villous atrophy
• merozoites
• micro and macrogametes in SI
• fecals (up to weeks post infection), smears, histo
• DDx: subacute clostridial diarrhea, E. coli, TGE, rotavirus, crypto
• Tx: nothing on label: Amprolium, decoquinate, sulfas, Abx, prageril (used tx EPM in horses), baycox. One dose may be enough
• hygiene, heat treatment, quaternary ammonia compounds, chlorox, live steam, preventive drugs in baby pigs

• necrotic, hemorrhagic enteritis in pigs <7 days of age. chronic form may hit older piglets
• common, but distribution variable (found in Iowa first)
• Clostridium perfrigens Type C
• geographical area, soil, wind, contaminated sows, buildings, crates
• ingested spores, produce toxin, mortality is 100%. morbidity variable
• clinical signs: peracute, acute, subacute, chronic. death, bloody diarrhea, poor doers
• path: adheres to intestinal epithelium in jejunum
• β toxin
• villi damaged
• SI hemorrhagic, swollen, gas bubblies in serosa, bloody lumen
• large numbers of bacteria, villous damage
• diptheritic membrane in subacute/chronic
• dx: post mortem, impression, culture (anaerobe)
• DDx: E. coli, coccidiosis
• Tx: PPG, antitoxin (dose PO and SC for both)
•  vx, antitoxin, hygiene, feed Abx (bacitracin, BMD) to sows

• strongyloides ransomi- 4 days, 2-3 if prenatal
• colibacillosis-<4 days
• coccidiosis- 4.5-5.5 days
• clostridial enteritis- <7days if acute, >10days if chronic
• rotavirus-7-14 days
• TGE epizootic- 10-14 days
• TGE enzootic- gilts, piglets, weaners

§  small intestinal threadworm rhabditoid nematode. warmer climate
§  percutaneous, oral, transcolostral, prenatal
§  patency by day 4
§  patency by day 2-3 days after birth if prenatal
§  diarrhea, unthriftyness, stunting, death by 10-14 days
§  dx: fecal
§  tx:
·         thiabendazole
·         levamisole
·         ivermectin/dectomax
·         fenbendazole

o   hi protein, low fiber, low soy, prepare for transition)

§  fresh

§  palatable

§  offered frequently from 10-14 days of age

§  only small qty consumed

§ E. coli

sudden death of doing good pigs
§  low to variable incidence, usually <10% affected, most die
§  verotoxigenic strains of E. coli
§  genetic predisposition
§  clinical signs within 10 days of weaning, dull, blind, head pressing, incoord, recumbent, paddling, convulsions, death
§  transient diarrhea, then constipation, edema of forehead, eyelids, voicebox, no fever
§  pathogen: oral exposureàstomach, SI, toxin àblood vessels damagedàedema
§  esp stomach wall, thoracic cavity, fluid
§  stomach fullàSI/colon empty
o   DDx: PRV, mulberry heart, arsenic
o   Tx: Abx, ↓cerebral edema
o   control: vx? , management, genetics, acidification of H2O/feed, ↓feed intake

Caused by E. coli

o   loss of lactogenic immunity, pathogenicity and management determines severity of disease

o   20-50% morbidity, <10% mortality

o   diarrhea, wt loss, stunting, death, may have fever

o   hi stomach pHàenvironmental E. coliàovergrowthà enterotoxinsàsecretory diarrhea

o   no villous damage

o   culture it

o   feed/water medication, parenteral tx, change protein/fiber levels?, split feeding, acidified H2O/electrolytes, acidified feed

o   control: creep feed, vx?  split feedings (multiple feedings on ground), acidified H2O, ↓#’s/pen, complex diet (hi in milk, low in soy)

o   septicemic form: fever, restless, anorexia, cyanosisàdiarrhea. low morbid, hi mortality, yellow feces. 24-48 hr incubation

o   enteric form: fever, dehydration, ↓bcs, fast spreading diarrhea. hi morbid, low mortality,  become carriers. 

o   Tx: early aggressive Ax, Naxcel, LS 50, OTC/CTC, Sulfas, spectinomycin, mecadox, (nitrofurazone, emtryl, ipropran-illegal in food animals)

o   control: isolate, single source, ↓stress, hygiene, prophylactic Abx, vx, core Ag, ML, killed, medication (feed/water)

o   S. cholera suis 97%

§  pigs only,

§  pneumonia, septicemia (purple skin discoloration)

§  indefinite shedding

o   S. typhimurium 3%

§  shedding 4 months

§  rectal stricture

·         serpulina (brachyspira) hyodysenteriae

o   previously treponema hyodysenteriae

o   mucohemorrhagic colitis characterized by ↓ performance, death loss, and bloody/mucous diarrhea

o   widespread, economic losses, now it’s coming back

o   anaerobic spirochete found in colon

o   common in feeder pigs

o   affect may be of any size

o   oral/fecal route of transmission

o   carriers or infected pigs main source of transmission

o   M100%:M30%

o   cyclical on some farms

o   can shed for 70 days PI

o   organism can survive in lagoon H2O, dogs, mice, starlings, flies

o   outbreaks may be seasonal

o   incubation 2 days-3 months, usually 10-14 days

o   diarrhea of varying intensity

o   occasional peracute death

o   pasty diarrhea with ↓appetiteàmucoid diarrhea with blood

o   watery diarrhea with blood

• entrance to colon wall via goblet cells--> epithelial cells of colon-->destruction fo cells-->inflammation, histamine release, failure of fluid transport
• poor body condition, colitis, flaccid, red, congested, fluid contents, blood, necrotic matter and food particles,
• chronic may have diptheritic membrane
• lesions limited to mucosa

• serpulina hyodysenteriae

• arsenicals
• tiamulin
• linocin
• ipropran/emtryl-illegal
• carbadox
• BMD, Tylan, Gentocin
• depop/repop, control movement, fomites, vx

• porcine intestinal adenomatosis complex
• aka: necroproliferative enteritis (NPE), regional ileitis (RI), ileitis, proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy, garden hose gut, necrotic enteritis (NE)
• Campylobacter and Lawsonia
• 6-20 weeks most common

• PIA-mild signs (wt loss, dec. appetite, diarrhea); oral ingestion-->proliferation of immature glandualr epithelial cells-->elongation of glands
• NE/RI-more severe diarrhea and wt loss. necrosis
• PHE-acute hemorrhagic anemia, melena, death. rupture of capillaries

• ulcerations of pars esophagae
• up to 100% incidence found at slaughter
• etio: copper, gastric acidity, whey, corn starch, feed procedssing, fatty acids, Vit E, Se, fine ground feed, etc.
• peracute or chronic
• treatment is more about control 

porcine respiratory disease complex

pneumonia in all ages

the "18 week wall" after placed in finishing

poor growth

necropsy all dead

• mycoplasma pneumonia
• coughing, CPD/ADR, very low mortality
• airborne or aerosol
• chronic disease with high morbid/low mortal
• tx: tetracyclines

• influenza A
• aerosol
• carrier pigs introduce into naive herds
• fall to spring outbreaks
• explosive outbreaks of coughing, fever, prostration, anorexia, dyspnea, etc
• low mortality
• ventilation, vx, bird control

• anywhere there are pigs
• aerosol/oral
• dyspnea, mouth breathing, abdominal breathing
• antibiotics

hemophilus

grow-finish

pleurisy and infarcts, fever, anorexia, death, bloody nose, cyanosis

variable mortality

fragile organism

tx: parenteral Abx, decrease stress, inc ventilation

• Aujeszky's disease (herpes virus)
• shed in nasal/oral; airborne
• may be inapparent
• M/M up to 100%
• URI-->CNS
• vx

mystery pig disease, new pig disease, blue ear disease

repro disorders, high piglet mortality, resp disease in all ages

aerosol, direct, and semen spread

Glasser's disease

meningitis, polyarthritis, polyserositis

fever, anorexia, dyspnea, acute death

Abx, vx, dec stress

• infectious disease with sudden death, skin lesions, arthritis, vegetative endocarditis, abortion
• Erisopelothrix rhusiopathiae  (gram +)
• diamond skin lesions
• PPG Abx, antiserum, vx

• neonates-GI
• weaned calves-respiratory
• feedlot phase-metabolic

o   propagation of new animals

o   cows maintained on less-tillable land

o   minimal resource inputs

o   grass-farming, grass harvesting

o   calves raised to weaning

o   7-9 mos

o   500lb

o   calves are on the move

o   calves usually purchased

o   fed high forage ration

o   grass harvesting, or small grain gleaning

o   minimal resource inputs

o   growing phase

§  8-15mos of age

o   production of finished animals

o   market weight/grade

o   90-150d 1200-1400lbs

o   intensive confinement operation and feeding

o   fed mixed concentrate ration

o   commodities feeding

o   abundant, high energy feeds

heat tolerance, parasite resistance

subclinical: wt loss, poor feed utilization, low conception rates

for bulls, a breeding soundness exam should occur: 

§  acquire 60 days+ prior to breeding

§  quarantine

§  acclimate to ranch/other bulls

§  13-15 mos of age

§  virgin bulls, disease free

§  or from herds that are disease-free

§  assessed for performance traits

• resp signs (gasping, sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge)
• severe renal disease with nephrotrophic strains
• marked decrease in egg production (thin shelled eggs)

• coronavirus, very labile, inhalation from coughing chickens over considerable distance. explosively rapid spread
• Connecticut, Massachusetts, Arkansas 99, O72 serotype combined vx. 

paired acute and convalescent serum to demonstrate specific immune response

PCR, RTPCR, nested PCR

intestinal signs (variable depending on species)

if exposure is moderate, may develop short term immunity without signs

acute, subacute 

conjunctivitis, oculonasal discharge, swelling of infraorbital sinuses, edema of the face, sneezing, infection of LRT

often complicated by secondary disease like Mycoplasma gallispticum

• aseptically collect sinus exudate and swab it on blood agar. 'S' sahp streak of S. aureus for V factor, culture in a candle jar. colonies will be tiny dewdrop satellites
• PCR

• commercial bacterins to immunize chickens (only those serotypes)
• all pullets to be housed on multi-age infected farms should get 2 injections at 3 week intervals prior to placement on farm. 
• 1st vs should be given after birds reach 14 wks

what are the signs of the two forms of fowlpox?

does it affect other species?

• cutaneous lesions on unfeathered skin of head, neck, legs, feet, or 
• diphtheritic lesions in upper GI and resp tracts (wet pox blocks glottis)
• strong host specificity

• crusts/scabs fall into litter, virus enters through minor abrasions, mechanical transmission thru cannibalism, inhalation of feathers and scabs
• mosquitoes, blood-sucking arthropods, birds

• demonstrating intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in stained sections or in scrapings of lesions
• vaccination (pigeon pox and fowlpox) in wingweb so can't touch their face
• vx may produce a small "take" lesion. check a sample in 5-7 days
• no treatment for fowlpox. self resolves.

• herpesvirus induced neoplastic disease
• infiltration of various nerve trunks/organs with pleomorphic lymphoid cells
• Serotype I isolates ubiquitous in chickens and pathotypes vary from virulent plus (oncogenic) to nearly avirulent (mild)

• immunized via injection 18 days of embryonation or at hatching
• most common vaccines consist of turkey herpesvirus , serotype 3, cell associated preparation or bivalent vaccine wtih turkey herpesvirus and serotype 2 virus

Genetics predisposition, management factors, controlled by trimming beak, reduced light intensity

• resp signs, depression, reduced feed and water intake, decreased egg production/quality
• can affect all species of birds

LPAI and HPAI (low and high pathogenic).

no HPAI in US since 1986, LPAI still causes significant loss

type A influenza virus (orthomyxoviridae)

16H, 9A=144 subtypes with no crossprotection

all HPAI outbreaks have been H5 and H7, tho these two subtypes are usually low path

natural- wild waterfowl and shorebirds

man-made-live bird markets and commercial swine facilities

vary greatly. 

coughing, sneezing, rales, lacrimation, sinusitis, depression, decreased egg production/quality

history for LPAI

innoculation and molecular characterization of cleavage site for HPAI

• prevention of LPAI by limiting exposure to waterfowl, shore birds, live bird markets, swine farms
• vaccines

important cause of mortality in broiler chickens with rapid growth and high metabolic rate

first reported in 1968 in broilers at high altitude

increased hydrostatic vascular pressure

increased workload on heart. 

hypertrophy, dilation, RV failure, passive congestion, ascites

abdominal distension with reluctance to move, resp distress, cyanosis

• look for causes decreasing oxygen available (poor vent, hi alt, concomitant resp path) or increasing oxygen needs (rapid growth, cold temp)
• slow the metabolic rate by turning off the lights and thereby limiting eating

o   puppies/kittens

o   pregnant females

o   young adults

o   adults

o   quarantined animals

o   isolated/sick animals

·         ALWAYS WASH HANDS BETWEEN EACH HANDLING

1.      remove animal

2.      remove solid waste and debris

3.      clean w/detergent or 1:10 dilute bleach solution (10 min) rinse well

4.      1:32 is the gold standard

5.      disinfect food and water bowls-rinse

6.      dry floor

7.      replace animal

8.      alternatively do at end: wash/disinfect food and water bowls

§  nursing mothers

§  litters

§  cats that came together on entry

stable environment

·         breeding kennels

·         breeding catteries

·         closed colonies

·         research facilities

transient

·         vet hospitals

·         grooming/boarding

·         shelters

·         retail outlets

·         dog parks

o   6-16 weeks of age window of susceptibility (more dep on age rather than number of shots)

·         poxvirus (canary pox), herpesvirus, bovine papillomavirus, simian virus 40, adenovirus

§  advantages

·         replicate in host

·         more rapid protection

·         longer-lasting immunity

·         lower Ag mass in vx, less adjuvants-fewer rxns

·         better stims CMI

§  disadvantages

·         revert to virulence

o   immunosuppressed

o   neonates

·         can cause immune suppression 

·         advantages

o   don’t replicate in host

o   safer in immunosuppressed/neonates

·         disadvantages

o   needs boosters

o   more allergenic due to higher Ag mass

o   require adjuvant

o   shorter duration

·         added to increase duration and amount of immunostimulation

·         e.g. aluminum hydroxide, mycobac/endotoxins, carbopol, oil, liposomes, freund’s complete

·         can lead to reactions

§  canine distemper virus

§  canine parvo

§  infection canine hepatitis

§  rabies

§  feline panleukopenia

§  feline herpes

§  feline calicivirus

§  canine corona virus

§  canine Parainfluenza virus

§  leptospirosis

§  bordetella

§  lyme

§  influenza

§  feline leukemia (core in kittens)

§  FIV

§  FIP

§  chlamydiophila

§  bordetella

DA2PP-SQ right shoulder

rabies SQ or IM-right rear leg

others-record

what are the vaccination site guidelines for cats?

(FVRCP, FeLV, rabies, etc) 

§  FVRCP SQ right foreleg distal

§  FeLV SQ LR leg distal

§  rabies SQ RR leg distal

§  others SQ sides or LF distal

§  never between scapulas

§  malaise, anorexia, fever

§  rhinitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia

§  vomiting, diarrhea

§  KCS, chorioretinitis

§  CNS signs-seizures

§  all bodily secretions

§  aerosol

§  young dogs kept in groups

§  shedding ceases 1-2 weeks post recovery

§  labile virus, destroyed easily

§  MLV

·         vaccinate on intake to group housing situation

·         6-8 weeks then q2-4 weeks until 14-16 weeks

·         booster 1 yr then q1-3 yrs depending on risk

§  recombinant

·         can boost with MLV

·         can boost maternal

·         more rapid immunity

§  oronasal

§  shed in all secretions

§  shed 6-9 montsh in urine post recovery

§  resistant to inactivation and disinfection

§  peracute-dead within hours

§  5-7 day course

§  corneal edema (blue eyes)

§  v/d/ab pain

§  clinical signs and unvx dogs

§  ↑ALT, ALP

§  thrombocytopenia

§  DIC

§  proteinuria

§  MLV
·         upon intake
·         CAV-2 vx provides cross protection without reaction
·         Canine adenovirus type 1 vx-can cause anterior uveitis/nephritis
·         same vx schedule as distemper
·         6-8 weeks then q2-4 weeks until 14-16 weeks
·         booster 1 yr then q1-3 yrs depending on risk

o   L interrogans sensu stricto and kirschneri

o   zoonotic

o   direct contact with urine, venereal contact, placenta, bites, ingesting tissue

o   indirect contact via contaminated water, bedding, soil, recent flooding

o   rodent and wild animal reservoirs

o   clinical signs

§  fever, depression, anorexia, muscle pain

§  acute hepatic/renal failure

§  DIC

o   UA, chemistries

§  serology- serology microscopic agglutination test (very specific)

§  immunization reduces incidence and severity, not carrier state

§  short duration of immunity, 6-8 months

§  vx highly allergenic

·         anaphylaxis, treat and discontinue use

·         avoid in mini daschunds? (lepto and corona-containing vx had higher rates of rxn; individually seems to be better)

·         combo w/other killed products>anaphylaxis

§  NO CROSS PROTECTION between serovars

§  >9 weeks then q 2-4 weeks for 2-3 doses

§  every 6-12 months for adults based on risk (hunting kennels or herding groups)

non-core. assess risk

avoid in daschunds, dogs prone to vx allergies

o   canine cough complex

o   virus

§  Parainfluenza, adenovirus, canine distemper, herpesvirus, influenza

o   bacteria

§  bordetella bronchiseptica

§  streptococcus

o   mycoplasma

§  highly contagious via aerosol spread

§  fomite transmission

§  incubation 3-10, mostly 5-7 days

§  group confinement is a huge risk factor

§  MLV-IN
§  combo w/ bordetella
§  stims IgA, CMI, INF
§  no maternal Ab interference
§  as early as 3 weeks of age

§  MLV-parental
·         2 doses 2-4 weeks apart
·         Da2LPP
·         takes longer for protection

§  parenteral

§  killed

§  2 doses, 2-4 weeks apart or 7-14 days pre-board

§  zoonotic potential

§  vx rxn possible

o   novel influenza H3N8

o   similar to kennel cough

o   greyhounds seem to get sicker than others

o   no seasonal component

o   no relation to Parainfluenza, no cross protection

o   CPV-2b

§  fecal-oral

§  virus survives many months

§  fomite and enviro contamination

§  signs begin in 4-7 days

§  disease in pups<1 yr esp <6 months

o   clinical signs

§  anorex, depression, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration

§  endotoxemia, sepsis with hypothermia, icterus, DIC, death

o   breeds-dobermans, rotties, pit bulls, german sheps, labs (black and tans)

§  pretty much everyone is susceptible

§  maternal Ab interference

§  vaccinate on intake to group housing

§  period of susceptibility

§  killed and MLV (better)

§  conventional vx (1980’s) not as effective. vx out to 22 weeks

§  newer ones: hi titer, low passage, not as attenuated, vx out to 16 weeks. overcomes maternal Ab

§  fecal-oral

§  often sub-clinical, can have epizootics

§  CCV shed in feces for months

§  can be asymptomatic

§  v/d, afebrile

§  before bitch is bred to boost maternal Ab. otherwise, don’t bother.
§  careful if in combo with lepto-rxns
§  killed vx

o   killed whole cell

o   recombinant outer surface protein

o   bacterin

o   traveling outside of SE

o   western blot or snap test

o   vaccination in groups at risk

o   tick control

o   highly fatal encephalitis in humans

o   transmitted in saliva, bite

o   incidence in cats>dogs

o   virus labile outside host

o   travels along peripheral nerves

o   2-8, up to 24 week incubation

o   virus shedding in saliva occurs usually <10 days before signs

o   phases:

§  prodromal phase

§  furious phase

§  paralytic phase

§  atypical

o   vaccinate at 12-16 weeks, repeat in 1 year

o   1-3 year duration of immunity, challenge

o   some 1 and 3 yr vaccines are same, some different

o   killed product, ++Ag, ++adjuvant

§  anaphylaxis

§  cutaneous vasculitis

§  granuloma

o   keep dogs house together vaccinated/vaccinate on exit from shelters

§  sneezing

§  direct contact, oral, nasal, ocular, FOMITES

§  aerosol

§  FCalici survives 8-10 days in enviro

o   herpes and calici: anorex, depression, fever, oro-nasal discharge

o   FHV

§  URI more severe

§  corneal involvement

§  intermittent shedding post infect

o   FCV

§  oral ulceration, more mild URI

§  myalgia/arthralgia

§  persistent shedding

o   conjunctivitis

o   parvovirus

o   shed in all secretions

o   survives in enviro for 1 yr

o   hits rapidly dividing tissue

o   kittins-anorex, depression, fever, v/d/, cerebellar hypoplasia, thymic atrophy, fading kitten syndrome

o   dx:signs, blood smear: no white blood cells

o   vaccinate prior to intake

o   MLV, killed, parenteral

o   cats susceptible to CPV-2b as well, some cross protection

o   intimate oro-nasal contact with infected saliva, transplacental, milk borne

o   signs: immunosuppression, lymphoma

o   snap test

o   testing is the most important thing in group housing

o   core in kittens

o   lentivirrus

o   1º bite wounds

o   can be iatrogenic

o   isolate positive cats

o   neoplasia, ocular inflam

o   snap test, western blot, PCR,

o   test everyone in household prior to introduction

o   killed, adjuvanted, whole virus vaccine

o   group confinement, RELATED to each other (genetically susceptible)

o   vx-IN at 16 weeks of age,

o   AAFP does NOT recommend this vx (efficacy not established)

o   use good hygiene

1. Vaccinate the largest possible number of animals in the population at risk
2. Vaccinate each animal no more frequently than necessary
3. Vaccinate only against infectious agents to which individuals have a realistic risk of exposure, infection and subsequent development of disease.
4. Vaccinate only when the potential benefits of the procedure outweigh the potential risks

§  stiff gait, third eyelid prolapse, facial muscle spasm, sawhorse stance, excessive response to external stim, recumbency

§  tx: sedatives, tetanus antitoxins, muscle relaxants

§  ALL horses should be vaccinated annually.
§  toxoid vx is safe and provides good protection.
§  antitoxin for previously unvaccinated horses or neonates
·         can cause hepatitis
§  booster if open wound or surgical procedure >6monst since last vx
§  begin at 6 months of age if foal received colostrum

§  fever, muscle fasciculations (esp face), weakness, ataxia, flaccid paralysis, cranial nerve deficits, changes in mentation

§  boost every 4-6 months here, every 6 months outside of florida

§  naïve horses: 2 vaccinations 3-4 weeks apart

§  time to booster: 1 month prior to peak mosquito season

·         broodmares: boost 30 days prior to foaling

·         foals: 3-4 months of age, 3 vx

§  signs: anything. dumb form (obtunded), ascending paralysis (ataxia on up), furious form (aggressive)

§  annual vaccine-2mL IM

§  foals

·         begin at 6 months

·         boost 4-6 weeks later

·         boost at 10-12 mos

§  every 6-12 months vx

§  broodmares: IM vx last 30 days of pregnancy

§  vx foals at 6 months of age

• susceptible population < 3 yrs old
• stressful conditions/travel
• hi fever, cough, lethargy, depression, reduced appetite, muscle soreness

§  EHV-1-abortion at 7-9mos in gestation, neonatal death, neuro, resp disease

·         fever and nasal discharge prior to neuro signs

·         viremia and vasculitis

§  EHV-4-respiratory

·         2-10 day incubation, shed for 2-3 weeks

·         common in weanlings and yearlings

§  foals and weanlings-start between 4-6 months

·         vx then 4 weeks later, 10-12 months

·         yearlings-every 6 months

§  broodmares: 5, 7, 9 mons of pregnancy, and 30 days prior to foaling for colostral immunity

§  use vx with both types

§  fever, l.n. enlargement, abscessation, purulent nasal discharge, resp distress due to retropharyngeal lymph node enlargement

§  isolate horses with fever ASAP

§  shedding of bacteria does not begin until 1-2 days after onset of pyrexia

§  use PCR and culture of pharynx/guttural pouch

§  6 weeks after clinical signs resolve, guttural pouch clear, and samples are negative means the infection is over

§  hygiene is crucial

·         protective clothing

·         gloves, booties

·         foot bathes

·         disinfect stables/transport

·         rest pastures for 4 weeks

·         previously affected farms
·         young horses
·         M-protein based given IM
o   booster 1-2 times a year
o   can cause abscesses at injection site
o   start 4-6 months of age
·         IN may be more effective, can NOT use for colostral immunity
o   start 6-9 months of age 

•   type B and C
•   KY, PA, mid-atlantic seaboard states

§  neoricketsii risticii

§  eastern US and CA

§  july to September

§  severe diarrhea and febrile

§  profound laminitis

o   virus

o   biting flies, needles

o   acute: fever, depression, patechiae

o   chronic: icterus, anemia, dependent edema

o   Coggin’s test or ELISA

• Babesia equi and caballi
• ticks/needles

• can be fatal
• no vaccine against this form
• greatest cause for concern at boarding facilities, ractracks, horse shows
• resp signs 1-2 weeks prior
• stress triggered
• attack spinal cord and brain
• hind end weakness, incoordination, toe-dragging, dog-sitting, urinary/fecal incontinence

• equine viral arteritis
• fever, depression, limb and mammary edema, abortion, nasal discharge, urticaria, conjunctivitis
• spread by resp or semen
• Ab test
• vx males before breeding, females before breeding with carrier stallions

• larvae migrate in cecum/colon walls for 4-6 weeks
• mature and encyst cyathostomes are not significant in causing disease
• colic, diarrhea, ill thrift
• fibrous cysts in mucosa 
• adults in mucosa do not cause significant disease
• september to march in florida
• 2 month interval ivermectin, 3 month interval moxidectin will eliminate, but not practical

• vulgaris-lining of arteries of intestine
• edentatus-liver and peritoneum
• equinus-liver and pancreas
• can go to aorta
• twice annual treatment

o   adult horses develop immunity, can be deadly to foals

o   live in SI, lymphatics, lungs, cough, reswallow

o   pot belly

o   rough hair coat

o   weight loss, coughing, diarrhea

o   deworm at 60 days of age. 

§  spasmodic colic

§  intussusceptions

§  ileal impactions

o  t tx: praziquantel

describe gastrophilus intestinalis

• botflies
• eggs stuck in leg hair, horses bite and swallow them
• tx: remove bot eggs from legs
• ivermectin or moxidectin
• not that pathological

• Habronema muscae, microstoma, Draschia megastoma 
• o   transmitted by stable flies
• o   no significant internal damage
• o   cutaneous infectionsà granulomas
• §  eyes, sheath, ventral midline
• o   treat with ivermection, may need steroids for inflam

pinworms

o  live in small colon

o   female cements eggs to skin of anus
o   diagnosis problems:
§  usually found as adult worms
§  difficult to find on fecal float

o   do a tape prep around the anus, or get feces from rectum
o   fenbendazole
o   ivermectin and moxidectin-some resistance

threadworms

o   foals 5 days to 4 months, not adults

o   cause of diarrhea

o   infection via milk

§  stress of foaling induces larval activation in dam

o   parasite resides in small intestine

o   deworm mare before foaling or day of with macrocyclic lactones, treat foals as needed

·         lungworms 

o   donkeys can harbor infec with no clinical signs

o   horses will develop cough, decreased performance

o   treat with ivermectin

o   need exposure to donkeys usually

o   Baer float or get it out of respiratory tract

o   small and large strongyles

o   tapeworms

o   gastrophilus

o   oxyuris

o   threadworms and ascarids

o   “wild type” parasites that have not been subjected to anthelmintic pressures and thus lack resistance genes
o   minimal deworming favors their survival
o   resistance as emerging problem
§  use fecal egg reduction testing to determine the effective dose

• 1 hour to stand
• 2 hours to nurse
• 3 hours to pass placenta

o   sternal recumbency in 2 minutes

o   standing in 1 hour

o   suckle reflex in 30 min

o   nursing from mare within 2 hours

• fist 12-24 hours, record trends
• temp (hypothermia in sick foals)
• cardiac auscult (PDA, innocent flow murmurs, VSD)
• mm
• resp rate (80-->30rpm), may hear crackles
• umbilical care
• enema w/ warm soapy water for meconium
• colostrum-2 liters in first 24 hours, first 2 hours critical
• IgG measure 12-24 hours (transfusion if needed)
• tetanus antitoxin if mare not properly vx'd
• antimicrobial therapy if risk of septicemia

·         if IgG<800mg/dl consider transfusion
·         if IgG<400mg/dl, definite transfusion

1:4 chlorhex for 30 sec. 

NEVER tincture iodine

365d

60d