Term
Extraintestinal Protozoa Comparison to GI protozoa |
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Definition
located in blood/tissue vector borne potentially fatal tropics rare |
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Term
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Definition
very common parasite, 5-75% of adults in developed countries |
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Term
T. gondii Life Cycle - general facts |
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Definition
Cats definite host with other mammals being int. host Sexual repo. only in intestine of cat, leads to env. stable oocyst Repo. intracellular |
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Term
T. gondii Life Cycle - how infects humans |
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Definition
Cat fecal oocyst and directly infect humans oocysts can be in soil or on veggies and transmitted to humans when gardening or eating veggies oocysts can be consumed by animals and if the meat of these animals is not prepared properly, disease |
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Term
T. gondii acute Toxoplasmosis |
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Definition
80-90% asymptomatic symptoms arise after 1 week of exposure lymphadenopathy, headaches, night sweats CNS, eye, lung, lymph system |
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Term
T. gondii toxoplasmic enchepalitis |
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Definition
AIDS related, defininig illness in 1/6th of AIDS patients. altered mental status, seizures, sensory abnormalities fatal due to pneumnia like infection |
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Term
T. gondii acute congenital toxoplasmosis |
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Definition
17% of fetuses if infected in 1st trimetster 65% in third trimester severe neurological abnormalities, hydrocephaly, spontaneous abortion exposure at early ages leads to more severe symptoms. Children can be born normal and have symptoms years later if acquired late in pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
necrotic lesions large abscesses in brain congenital impair vision myocarditis - heart attack |
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Term
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Definition
Hard to diag in slides/biopsy serology over time to show increase in antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
not required for immunocompetent patients pyrimethamine (not to pregnant womenin 1st tri.) and sulfadiazine |
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Term
Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. |
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Definition
free living in aquatic env. rare but fatal swimming in creek or lake 95% mortality |
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Term
Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli life cycle |
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Definition
cyst trophozoite flagellated forms |
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Term
Fee-living amoebae Acanthamoeba spp. life cycle |
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Definition
cyts trophozoies no flagellated form |
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Term
Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. transmission |
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Definition
Naegleria fowerli olfactor epi. progress to brain Acanthamoeba spp. lower resp. tract/broken skin |
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Term
Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. diseases - PAM |
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Definition
PAM - primary amebic meningoencephalitis rare, only few cases/yr motality 95% with in 72 hr mental status changes, sensitivity to light, smell changes slower in acanthamoeba |
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Term
Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. diseases amebic keratitis |
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Definition
amebic keratitis acanthamoeba only corneal ulcers granulomatous skin lesions |
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Term
Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. pathology |
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Definition
diffuse hemorrhage and necrosis of brain in PAM |
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Term
Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. diag. |
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Definition
difficult. CSF and brain bioposy no gram stain consider when CSF is neg. for bacterial of fungal agents keratitis when cornal or skin scraings |
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Term
Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. treatment |
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Definition
PAM - b.c so few cases, no known method to treat. amphotericin b, firampicin. |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria Species only infects humans |
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Definition
P. falciparum - most common/severe P. vivax P. malariae P. ovale |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria transmission |
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Definition
bite of female anopheles mosquite transfusion |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria Symptoms - fever |
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Definition
Fever cyclical P. falciparum - most common/severe- 24 hr cycle P. vivax 48 hr cycle P. malariae 72 hr cycle P. ovale not regular cycle |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria Symptoms |
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Definition
myalgia, malaise, fatigue, anemia nausea/diarrhea hepatomegaly/splenomegaly (does not ressolve) Neuro in falciparium, headaches, coma organ failure - anemia, reduced o2 delievery, Blackwater fever, dark urine that ressolve with treatment |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria Life Cycle - Impt In human |
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Definition
1. bite transferes SPOROZOITES 2. migrate to liver, penetrate hepatocytes (parenchymal cells) and form MEROZOITES 3. SCHIZOSOMA or asexual repo. in lier through 'exoerythrocyte cycle' 4. MEROZOITES released from liver cell rupture; 5. MEROZOITES infect RBCs, reproduce, lysis, reinfection; some diff. into GAMETOCYTES (sexually competent, opposite of ryan). |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria Life Cycle - Impt In in mosquito |
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Definition
6. GAMETOCYTE taken up by mosquito 7. replicates in midgut, fert. zygote results 8. meosis forms oocyte 9. sporozoite burst out of oocyst and migrates to salvivary glands of mosquite for reinfection. this stage takes about 2 weeks. |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria Life Cycle - Impt diag. stages |
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Definition
ID of ring and schizont forms in blood smears |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria pregnancy associated |
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Definition
most adults in endemic areas are immune women become pregnant during pregnancy parasite attaches to capillaries in placenta and restricts blood flow to fetus, spon. abortion |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria drug resistance |
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Definition
Chloroquine, cheap and good but completely resistant |
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Term
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Definition
microscopic exam of thin blodo smears species ID is impt for treatment |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria diag - chart |
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Definition
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria treatment - general |
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Definition
1. treat parasite 2. treat symptoms 3. prevent spread |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria treatment - falciparum - endemic areas |
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Definition
Endemic areas: drug 1: artemesinins drug 2: non-art anti malarials |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria treatment - falciparum - non-endemic areas |
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Definition
art. NOW approved for use.
chloroquine top choice for uncomplicated and non-resistant strains
1. quinine sulfate + doxy or clind for preggers or resistance |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria treatment - falciparum - severe |
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Definition
keep patient alive; in US, quinidine |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria treatment - others |
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Definition
chloroquine, but some resistance |
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Term
Plasmodium Malaria HYPNOZOITE stage |
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Definition
vavax and ovale persistent in liver for months to yrs. relapses unresponsive to drugs in dormant stage
pyrimaquine effective drugs |
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Term
Extraintestinal Protozoa Transmission |
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Definition
via intermediate host (arthropod) person to person not possible except with blood transfusions |
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Term
Trypanosomes African Sleeping Sickness characteristics |
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Definition
vector born flagellated bloodstream pahtogens have karly staining organelle Testse fly Af. S.S. |
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Term
Trypanosomes African Sleeping Sickness Species |
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Definition
T. brucei subsepecies gambiensis (West african t.) T. brucei subspecies rhodensiensis (East African t) |
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Term
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Definition
acute: days to wks, ulceration at bite called Trypanosomal chancre
systemic: fever, lymph enlargement, CNS involvement: lethargy, headaches, wasting, personality changes, 9-12 mts (East) 2-5 yrs (West) sleeping abnormalities, cant' sleep but always tired |
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Term
Trypanosomes Diff. between East and West |
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Definition
Both can kill the same. East is more severe and infects quicker. can die in 9 months. b.c it is more severe, it is easier to catch West takes longer, years, and is less severe and can remain subclinical. |
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Term
Trypanosomes African Sleeping Sickness Life cycle |
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Definition
injected metacyclic rypomastigotes transform to trypomastigotes multiply by binary fission fly takes up from blood meal blood stream trypmastigotes transform into procyclic trypomastigotes in tsetse fly's midgut procyclic trypomastigotes transform to epimastigotes epimastigotes multipl in salivry gland |
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Term
Trypanosomes African Sleeping Sickness Diag |
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Definition
found in blood only early in infection CSF shows trypanosomes, elevated lympcytes and IgM. Serology used |
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Term
Trypanosomes African Sleeping Sickness Treatmetn |
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Definition
Suramin and pentamidine for blood form, not CNS Melarsoprol (arsenic) (rat poision) for chronic disease |
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Term
Trypanosomes American (Chagas Disease) characteristics |
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Definition
t. cruzi, similar to t. brucei, vector is reduviid, or kissing bug |
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Term
Trypanosomes American (Chagas Disease) Disease |
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Definition
lots of carriers, 20 mil. in US, many forms, can lead to heart disease, swelling of heart, often seen in latin immigrants |
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Term
Trypanosomes American (Chagas Disease) Life cycle |
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Definition
Different from African version b.c 1. can go into cells 2. does not divide in blood stream can be given in blood transfusions but it is less of a problem. |
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Term
Trypanosomes American (Chagas Disease) symptoms |
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Definition
inflated lesion (chagoma) at bite site, not universal acute: 7-20 days post infection and includes fever, lymphaopathy, hepato/splenomegaly asympto chronic phase: 20-40% no signs of infection sympto chronic phase: (Chronic Chagas Disease) cardiac enlargement, arythmias, blockages, thromboembolism esophagus or colon as well |
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Term
Trypanosomes American (Chagas Disease) Diag |
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Definition
microscopy - blood films but may be hard to detect. must concentrate blood |
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Term
Trypanosomes American (Chagas Disease) treatment |
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Definition
only acute phase can be treated benznidazole or nifurtimox |
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Term
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Definition
cutaneous lesion - red papule 2 wk to 2 mt that becomes hyperpigmented at bit site diag. via microscoptic of Giemsa satin skin scrapings. treatmetn with sodium stibogluconate |
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Term
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Definition
espundia braziliensis similar to cutaneous but can to go mucosal surfaces, nasophyarynx. cause lots of damage ampho B treatment |
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Term
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Definition
kala-azar ro dumdum fever
L. donovani bites unappearant, 80-90% of untreated die in 2 yrs, progress in few wk to a year
giemsa stain blood for diag
serology available
treatment - miltefosine |
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Term
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Definition
tick bites B. microti most common off eastern seaboard symptoms 1-4 eeeks after infection |
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Term
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Definition
malaise, fever, weakness hepatosplenomegaly, anemia |
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Term
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Definition
blood film, larger and darker than plasmodium, x-shape, Maltese cross travel history should differentiate from plasmodium treat unnecessary in most cases clind/quinine indicated. |
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Term
Leishmania Characteristics |
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Definition
21 species L. braziliensis |
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Term
Today, I had to give a massage to an obese person with rank smelling fungus growing in between their skin folds. They tipped me two dollars. My hands still smell. |
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Definition
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Term
Helminths - Worms Types Nematodes |
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Definition
roundworms, pinworms, whipworms, filariasis |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Types Trematodes |
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Definition
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Term
Helminths - Worms Types Cestodes |
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Definition
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Term
Helminths - Worms Life cycles |
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Definition
egg, larval, adults, infection forms are almsot alwasy egg or laval humas host of adult stage complete sexual cycles |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Prevention |
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Definition
most fecal to oral some from water supply some from incompletely cooked meat |
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Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworms)
Epi |
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Definition
>10% carriers, crowded conditions (day care, hospital, barricks) children more prone seen in adults with kids |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Enterobius Life cycle |
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Definition
ingestion of eggs on contaminated material. eggs hatch in SI. adult females migrate out of anus at night to sell their sexual services for narcotic and lay eggs. adule 2-13 mm long, females twice as big. |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Enterobius symptoms |
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Definition
perianal itching unusual: diarrhea, allergies, appendicitis |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Enterobius Diag. |
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Definition
eggs collected with scotch tape. microscopically |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes
Enterobius Vermicularis
Treatment |
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Definition
pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole
treat whole family |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides Epi |
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Definition
largest, 20-35 cm long extermely common - 25% of wrold fecal to oral symptoms rare in adults no animal reservoir |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides Life cycle |
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Definition
spit, not swallow. (only time) in SI eggs passed in feces. eggs infection oafter 1-3 weeks in soil adults can live for 1-3 yr 1. inject eggs 2. develop to 2nd stage larvae in SI 3. to in circulation to lungs 4. 10-14 d, develop 5. swallowed 6. develop into adults 7. lay eggs |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides Symptoms |
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Definition
acute not common in adults kids can't caugh up so seen in sputum, bigger cysts lead to malnutrition |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides Loeffler's syndrome |
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Definition
during pulmonarymigration, pneumonitis, coughing, dyspena |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides diag |
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Definition
formalin fixed fecal samples, iodine eggs are thick walled
eggs amber in color
you might poop one out. |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides treatment |
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Definition
all infections treated albendazole mebendazole except in pregnant women |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Tricuris trichiura (whipworm) epi |
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Definition
adult 2-4 cm, in colon worldwide carriage is high fecal-oral spread; 2 mil in US |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Tricuris trichiura (whipworm) life cycle |
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Definition
ingest eggs, larvae to adults, eggs in feces require 2-3 wks to be infectious |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Tricuris trichiura (whipworm) symptoms |
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Definition
asymptomatic abdominal pain, secondary bacterial infection appendicitis diarrhea |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Tricuris trichiura (whipworm) diag |
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Definition
eggs in feces eggs oval yellowish with white caps on both sides |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Tricuris trichiura (whipworm) Treatment |
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Definition
not necessary for mild infections. Mebendazole |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Hookworms Epi |
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Definition
very common in tropics 1 mil in us come in contact iwth contaminated soil with feces |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Hookworms life cycle |
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Definition
eggs form non infective rhabditiform larvae
develop into infective filariform larvae in 2 weeks. these can penetrate skin and go to lungs coughed up and swallowed. adults in SI. suck blood from intestinal walls lots of eggs 1-5 years but cannot reproduce in host |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Hookworms symptoms |
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Definition
lots of blood per day. chronic infection anemia retardation in malnourished children loeffler's syndrome during lung phase |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Hookworms diag |
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Definition
eggs in feces, thin shelled, non bile stained, oval |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Hookworms treatment |
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Definition
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes strongylodiasis (threadworms) epi |
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Definition
tropics, 40 infection rates in endemic areas rural SE US |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes strongylodiasis (threadworms) life cycle |
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Definition
free living and paracytic females both males only free penetrate skin, lungs to GI, reproduce asexually, eggs that make rhabditiform larvae bassed from feces sexual repro in soil |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes strongylodiasis (threadworms) symptoms |
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Definition
asymptomatic loeffler's during lung phase heave worm burden cause occulsion of bile or pancreatic ducts |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes strongylodiasis (threadworms) hyperinfection |
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Definition
repeated cycles of autoinfection can become life threatenint if host is immunocompromised. mortality hight, larvae can migrate to most organ systems |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes strongylodiasis (threadworms) diag. |
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Definition
rhabditiform larae in feces transparent eggs rarely seens concentration methods smallest larae |
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Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes strongylodiasis (threadworms) treatment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Enlargement of Posterior Cervical Lymph Node |
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