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Parasitology III and IV
Malaria and such
92
Fine Art
Pre-School
04/22/2009

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Term
Extraintestinal Protozoa Comparison to GI protozoa
Definition
located in blood/tissue vector borne potentially fatal tropics rare
Term
T. gondii
Definition
very common parasite, 5-75% of adults in developed countries
Term
T. gondii
Life Cycle - general facts
Definition
Cats definite host with other mammals being int. host
Sexual repo. only in intestine of cat, leads to env. stable oocyst
Repo. intracellular
Term
T. gondii
Life Cycle - how infects humans
Definition
Cat fecal oocyst and directly infect humans
oocysts can be in soil or on veggies and transmitted to humans when gardening or eating veggies
oocysts can be consumed by animals and if the meat of these animals is not prepared properly, disease
Term
T. gondii
acute Toxoplasmosis
Definition
80-90% asymptomatic
symptoms arise after 1 week of exposure
lymphadenopathy, headaches, night sweats
CNS, eye, lung, lymph system
Term
T. gondii
toxoplasmic enchepalitis
Definition
AIDS related, defininig illness in 1/6th of AIDS patients.
altered mental status, seizures, sensory abnormalities
fatal due to pneumnia like infection
Term
T. gondii
acute congenital toxoplasmosis
Definition
17% of fetuses if infected in 1st trimetster
65% in third trimester
severe neurological abnormalities, hydrocephaly, spontaneous abortion
exposure at early ages leads to more severe symptoms.
Children can be born normal and have symptoms years later if acquired late in pregnancy
Term
T. gondii
Pathology
Definition
necrotic lesions
large abscesses in brain
congenital impair vision
myocarditis - heart attack
Term
T. gondii
Diagnosis
Definition
Hard to diag in slides/biopsy
serology over time to show increase in antibodies
Term
T. gondii
Treatment
Definition
not required for immunocompetent patients
pyrimethamine (not to pregnant womenin 1st tri.) and sulfadiazine
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp.
Definition
free living in aquatic env.
rare but fatal
swimming in creek or lake
95% mortality
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
life cycle
Definition
cyst
trophozoite
flagellated forms
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Acanthamoeba spp.
life cycle
Definition
cyts
trophozoies
no flagellated form
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp.
transmission
Definition
Naegleria fowerli
olfactor epi. progress to brain
Acanthamoeba spp.
lower resp. tract/broken skin
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp.
diseases - PAM
Definition
PAM - primary amebic meningoencephalitis
rare, only few cases/yr
motality 95% with in 72 hr
mental status changes, sensitivity to light, smell changes
slower in acanthamoeba
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp.
diseases amebic keratitis
Definition
amebic keratitis
acanthamoeba only
corneal ulcers
granulomatous skin lesions
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp.
pathology
Definition
diffuse hemorrhage and necrosis of brain in PAM
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp.
diag.
Definition
difficult. CSF and brain bioposy
no gram stain
consider when CSF is neg. for bacterial of fungal agents
keratitis when cornal or skin scraings
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp.
treatment
Definition
PAM - b.c so few cases, no known method to treat. amphotericin b, firampicin.
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
Species
only infects humans
Definition
P. falciparum - most common/severe
P. vivax
P. malariae
P. ovale
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
transmission
Definition
bite of female anopheles mosquite
transfusion
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
Symptoms - fever
Definition
Fever cyclical
P. falciparum - most common/severe- 24 hr cycle
P. vivax 48 hr cycle
P. malariae 72 hr cycle
P. ovale not regular cycle
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
Symptoms
Definition
myalgia, malaise, fatigue, anemia
nausea/diarrhea
hepatomegaly/splenomegaly (does not ressolve)
Neuro in falciparium, headaches, coma
organ failure - anemia, reduced o2 delievery,
Blackwater fever, dark urine that ressolve with treatment
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
Life Cycle - Impt
In human
Definition
1. bite transferes SPOROZOITES
2. migrate to liver, penetrate hepatocytes (parenchymal cells) and form MEROZOITES
3. SCHIZOSOMA or asexual repo. in lier through 'exoerythrocyte cycle'
4. MEROZOITES released from liver cell rupture;
5. MEROZOITES infect RBCs, reproduce, lysis, reinfection; some diff. into GAMETOCYTES (sexually competent, opposite of ryan).
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
Life Cycle - Impt
In in mosquito
Definition
6. GAMETOCYTE taken up by mosquito
7. replicates in midgut, fert. zygote results
8. meosis forms oocyte
9. sporozoite burst out of oocyst and migrates to salvivary glands of mosquite for reinfection.
this stage takes about 2 weeks.
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
Life Cycle - Impt
diag. stages
Definition
ID of ring and schizont forms in blood smears
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
pregnancy associated
Definition
most adults in endemic areas are immune
women become pregnant during pregnancy
parasite attaches to capillaries in placenta and restricts blood flow to fetus, spon. abortion
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
drug resistance
Definition
Chloroquine, cheap and good but completely resistant
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
Diag
Definition
microscopic exam of thin blodo smears
species ID is impt for treatment
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
diag - chart
Definition
good chart on p. 60
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
treatment - general
Definition
1. treat parasite
2. treat symptoms
3. prevent spread
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
treatment - falciparum - endemic areas
Definition
Endemic areas:
drug 1: artemesinins
drug 2: non-art anti malarials
Term
Plasmodium Malaria treatment - falciparum - non-endemic areas
Definition

art. NOW approved for use.

chloroquine top choice for uncomplicated and non-resistant strains

1. quinine sulfate + doxy or clind for preggers or resistance

Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
treatment - falciparum - severe
Definition
keep patient alive;
in US, quinidine
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
treatment - others
Definition
chloroquine, but some resistance
Term
Plasmodium Malaria HYPNOZOITE stage
Definition

vavax and ovale persistent in liver for months to yrs. relapses unresponsive to drugs in dormant stage

pyrimaquine effective drugs

Term
Extraintestinal Protozoa
Transmission
Definition
via intermediate host (arthropod)
person to person not possible except with blood transfusions
Term
Trypanosomes
African Sleeping Sickness
characteristics
Definition
vector born flagellated bloodstream pahtogens
have karly staining organelle
Testse fly Af. S.S.
Term
Trypanosomes
African Sleeping Sickness
Species
Definition
T. brucei subsepecies gambiensis (West african t.)
T. brucei subspecies rhodensiensis (East African t)
Term
Trypanosomes Symptoms
Definition

acute: days to wks, ulceration at bite called Trypanosomal chancre

systemic: fever, lymph enlargement, CNS involvement: lethargy, headaches, wasting, personality changes, 9-12 mts (East) 2-5 yrs (West) sleeping abnormalities, cant' sleep but always tired

Term
Trypanosomes
Diff. between East and West
Definition
Both can kill the same. East is more severe and infects quicker. can die in 9 months. b.c it is more severe, it is easier to catch
West takes longer, years, and is less severe and can remain subclinical.
Term
Trypanosomes
African Sleeping Sickness
Life cycle
Definition
injected metacyclic rypomastigotes transform to trypomastigotes
multiply by binary fission
fly takes up from blood meal
blood stream trypmastigotes transform into procyclic trypomastigotes in tsetse fly's midgut
procyclic trypomastigotes transform to epimastigotes
epimastigotes multipl in salivry gland
Term
Trypanosomes
African Sleeping Sickness
Diag
Definition
found in blood only early in infection
CSF shows trypanosomes, elevated lympcytes and IgM.
Serology used
Term
Trypanosomes
African Sleeping Sickness
Treatmetn
Definition
Suramin and pentamidine for blood form, not CNS
Melarsoprol (arsenic) (rat poision) for chronic disease
Term
Trypanosomes
American (Chagas Disease)
characteristics
Definition
t. cruzi, similar to t. brucei, vector is reduviid, or kissing bug
Term
Trypanosomes
American (Chagas Disease)
Disease
Definition
lots of carriers, 20 mil. in US, many forms, can lead to heart disease, swelling of heart,
often seen in latin immigrants
Term
Trypanosomes
American (Chagas Disease)
Life cycle
Definition
Different from African version b.c
1. can go into cells
2. does not divide in blood stream
can be given in blood transfusions but it is less of a problem.
Term
Trypanosomes
American (Chagas Disease)
symptoms
Definition
inflated lesion (chagoma) at bite site, not universal
acute: 7-20 days post infection and includes fever, lymphaopathy, hepato/splenomegaly
asympto chronic phase: 20-40% no signs of infection
sympto chronic phase: (Chronic Chagas Disease) cardiac enlargement, arythmias, blockages, thromboembolism
esophagus or colon as well
Term
Trypanosomes
American (Chagas Disease)
Diag
Definition
microscopy - blood films but may be hard to detect. must concentrate blood
Term
Trypanosomes
American (Chagas Disease)
treatment
Definition
only acute phase can be treated
benznidazole or nifurtimox
Term
Leishmania
cutaneous
Definition
cutaneous lesion - red papule 2 wk to 2 mt that becomes hyperpigmented at bit site
diag. via microscoptic of Giemsa satin skin scrapings.
treatmetn with sodium stibogluconate
Term
Leishmania
mucocutanous
Definition
espundia
braziliensis
similar to cutaneous but can to go mucosal surfaces, nasophyarynx.
cause lots of damage
ampho B treatment
Term
Leishmania visceral
Definition

kala-azar ro dumdum fever

L. donovani bites unappearant, 80-90% of untreated die in 2 yrs, progress in few wk to a year

giemsa stain blood for diag

serology available

treatment - miltefosine

Term
Babesia
characteristics
Definition
tick bites
B. microti most common off eastern seaboard
symptoms 1-4 eeeks after infection
Term
Babesia
symptoms
Definition
malaise, fever, weakness
hepatosplenomegaly, anemia
Term
Babesia
diag and treat
Definition
blood film, larger and darker than plasmodium, x-shape, Maltese cross
travel history should differentiate from plasmodium
treat unnecessary in most cases
clind/quinine indicated.
Term
Leishmania
Characteristics
Definition
21 species
L. braziliensis
Term
Today, I had to give a massage to an obese person with rank smelling fungus growing in between their skin folds. They tipped me two dollars. My hands still smell.
Definition
FML
Term
Helminths - Worms
Types
Nematodes
Definition
roundworms, pinworms, whipworms, filariasis
Term
Helminths - Worms
Types
Trematodes
Definition
flatworms, flukes
Term
Helminths - Worms
Types
Cestodes
Definition
tapeworms, live in meat
Term
Helminths - Worms
Life cycles
Definition
egg, larval, adults, infection forms are almsot alwasy egg or laval
humas host of adult stage
complete sexual cycles
Term
Helminths - Worms
Prevention
Definition
most fecal to oral
some from water supply
some from incompletely cooked meat
Term

Helminths - Worms

Nematodes

 Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworms)

 Epi

Definition
>10% carriers, crowded conditions (day care, hospital, barricks) children more prone seen in adults with kids
Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Enterobius Life cycle
Definition
ingestion of eggs on contaminated material. eggs hatch in SI. adult females migrate out of anus at night to sell their sexual services for narcotic and lay eggs. adule 2-13 mm long, females twice as big.
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Enterobius
symptoms
Definition
perianal itching
unusual: diarrhea, allergies, appendicitis
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Enterobius
Diag.
Definition
eggs collected with scotch tape. microscopically
Term

Helminths - Worms Nematodes

Enterobius Vermicularis

Treatment

Definition

pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole

 treat whole family

Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Epi
Definition
largest, 20-35 cm long
extermely common - 25% of wrold
fecal to oral
symptoms rare in adults
no animal reservoir
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Life cycle
Definition
spit, not swallow. (only time)
in SI eggs passed in feces. eggs infection oafter 1-3 weeks in soil
adults can live for 1-3 yr
1. inject eggs
2. develop to 2nd stage larvae in SI
3. to in circulation to lungs
4. 10-14 d, develop
5. swallowed
6. develop into adults
7. lay eggs
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Symptoms
Definition
acute not common in adults
kids can't caugh up so seen in sputum, bigger cysts
lead to malnutrition
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Loeffler's syndrome
Definition
during pulmonarymigration, pneumonitis, coughing, dyspena
Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides diag
Definition

formalin fixed fecal samples, iodine eggs are thick walled

eggs amber in color

you might poop one out.

Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
treatment
Definition
all infections treated
albendazole
mebendazole except in pregnant women
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Tricuris trichiura (whipworm)
epi
Definition
adult 2-4 cm, in colon
worldwide carriage is high
fecal-oral spread;
2 mil in US
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Tricuris trichiura (whipworm)
life cycle
Definition
ingest eggs, larvae to adults, eggs in feces require 2-3 wks to be infectious
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Tricuris trichiura (whipworm)
symptoms
Definition
asymptomatic
abdominal pain, secondary bacterial infection
appendicitis
diarrhea
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Tricuris trichiura (whipworm)
diag
Definition
eggs in feces
eggs oval
yellowish with white caps on both sides
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Tricuris trichiura (whipworm)
Treatment
Definition
not necessary for mild infections.
Mebendazole
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Hookworms
Epi
Definition
very common in tropics
1 mil in us
come in contact iwth contaminated soil with feces
Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes Hookworms life cycle
Definition

eggs form non infective rhabditiform larvae

develop into infective filariform larvae in 2 weeks. these can penetrate skin and go to lungs coughed up and swallowed. adults in SI. suck blood from intestinal walls lots of eggs 1-5 years but cannot reproduce in host

Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Hookworms
symptoms
Definition
lots of blood per day. chronic infection anemia
retardation in malnourished children
loeffler's syndrome during lung phase
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Hookworms
diag
Definition
eggs in feces, thin shelled, non bile stained, oval
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Hookworms
treatment
Definition
mebendazole
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
strongylodiasis (threadworms)
epi
Definition
tropics, 40 infection rates in endemic areas
rural SE US
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
strongylodiasis (threadworms)
life cycle
Definition
free living and paracytic
females both
males only free
penetrate skin, lungs to GI, reproduce asexually, eggs that make rhabditiform larvae
bassed from feces
sexual repro in soil
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
strongylodiasis (threadworms)
symptoms
Definition
asymptomatic
loeffler's during lung phase
heave worm burden cause occulsion of bile or pancreatic ducts
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
strongylodiasis (threadworms)
hyperinfection
Definition
repeated cycles of autoinfection can become life threatenint if host is immunocompromised.
mortality hight, larvae can migrate to most organ systems
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
strongylodiasis (threadworms)
diag.
Definition
rhabditiform larae in feces
transparent
eggs rarely seens
concentration methods
smallest larae
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
strongylodiasis (threadworms)
treatment
Definition
ivermectin
albendazole
Term
91 Long Flashcards
Definition
FML
Term
Winterbottom Sign
Definition
Enlargement of Posterior Cervical Lymph Node
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