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Patho Ch. 14
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46
Other
Undergraduate 4
03/13/2012

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Term
consciousness
Definition
state of awareness of oneself and one's environment
Term
arousal
Definition
state of wakefulness or responsiveness
Term
content of consciouness
Definition
all the cognitive mental functions of a person, such as reasoning, thinking, and feeling
Term
hypotonia
Definition
decreased muscle tone
passive movement of muscle occurs with little or no resistance
Term
flaccidity
Definition
occurs when nerve impulses do not reach muscles
results in atrophy
muscles may be moved rapidlywithout resistance
Term
hypertonia
Definition
excessive muscle tone
passive movement of musces occurs with resistance
Term
spasticity
Definition
results from hyperexcitability of stretch reflexes
associated with damage to motor, premotor, and supplementary motor areas
have increased deep tendon reflexes
Term
Gegenhalten (paratonia)
Definition
resistance to passive movement that varies in direct proportion with force applied
associated with frontal lobe injury
Term
Dystonia
Definition
sustained, involuntary twisting movements caused by slow muscle contraction
injury to putamen
Term
Rigidity
Definition
produced by tonic reflex activity mediated by gamma motor neurons
muscles firm and tense
Term
Four-types of Rigidity:
Definition
lead-pipe, cogwheel, gamma, and alpha
Term
hyperkinsesia
Definition
excessive movements
Term
chorea
Definition
characterized by quick, jerky, and purposeless movements, and usually associated with damage to basal ganglia
random, uncontrolled contractions of different muscle groups interrupt normal progression of movement
Term
athetosis
Definition
involves continuous, slow, writing, worm-like movements which exhibit a high degree of spasticity, and which make normal, voluntary movement difficult to perform
Term
ballism
Definition
consists of continued, wild, violent movements of large body parts
Term
hemiballism
Definition
continued, wild, violent movements of large body parts on only one side of the body
Term
akathisia
Definition
special type of hyperactivity
mild compulsion to move (usually in legs)
carrying out movement brings sense of relief
Term
tremor at rest
Definition
rhythmic, oscillating movement affecting one or more body parts
Term
dyskinesias
Definition
abnormal involuntary movement
Term
hypokinesia
Definition
decreased movement-loss of voluntary movement despite consciouness and normal peripheral nerve and muscle function
Term
paresis/paralysis
Definition
weakness
incomplete loss of muscle power/inability of muscle group to overcome gravitiy
Term
upper motor neuron syndromes
Definition
associated with pyramidal motor syndrome- involves series of motor dysfunctions resulting from interruption of pyramidal system
Term
hemiparesis
Definition
weakness on one side/Hemiplegia-paralysis on one side
Term
paraplegia
Definition
paralysis of lower extremities
Term
quadriplegia
Definition
paralysis of all four extremities
Term
spinal shock
Definition
complete cessation of spinal cored functions below lesion
Term
lower motor neuron syndromes
Definition
impairs both voluntary and involuntary movement
degree of paraylsis or paresis proportional to number of lower motor neurons affected
Term
amyotrophies
Definition
lower motor syndromes originating in anterior horn cells or motor nuclei of cranial nerves
muscle strength, tone, and bulk are affected in muscles innervated by involved motor neurons
Term
nuclear palsies
Definition
involve damage to onr or more cranial nerve nuclei
Term
akinesia
Definition
decrease in associated and voluntary movements
dysfunction of extrapyramidal system
Term
bradykinesia
Definition
slowness of voluntary movements
Term
dystonia
Definition
maintenance of abnormal posture through muscular contractions
Term
decorticate posture
Definition
upper extremities flexed at elbows and held close to body and lowe rextremities externally rotated and extended
Term
decerebrate posture
Definition
increased tone in extensor muscles and trunk muscles, with active tonic neck reflexes
Term
basal ganglion posture
Definition
stooped, hyperflexed posture with narrow-based, short-stepped gait
Term
senile posture
Definition
increasingly flexed posture similar to basal ganglion dysfunction
Term
upper motor neuron dysfuction
Definition
may be foot drop, spastic gait, scissors gait
Term
cerebellar gait
Definition
wide-based with feet apart and turned outward or inward for greater stability
pelvis held stiff
staggering walk
Term
basal ganglion and senile gaits
Definition
broad-based gaits
person walks with small steps and decreased arm swing
Term
hypermimesis
Definition
pathologic laughter or crying
Term
hypomimesis
Definition
aprosody
inability to understand emotion or inability to express emotion
Term
aprosody
Definition
the loss of emotional language
Term
dyspraxia/apraxia
Definition
inability to perform purposeful or skilled motor acts in absence of paralysis, sensory loss, abnormal posture and tone, abnormal involuntary movement, incoordination, or inattentiveness
Term
dysmetria
Definition
characterized by an inability to predict and measure the end-point of a movement, resulting in movement past the point of intention, called past-pointing or overshooting
Term
dysdiadochokinesia
Definition
condition in which movement begins too early or too late, disrupting the normal orderly "progression of movement"
Term
dysarthria
Definition
failure in progression of word formation resulting in explosive, slurred, almost unintelligible speech
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