Term
Which characterize(s) cancer cells?
a) poorly differentiated
b) metastasis
c) infiltrative growth mode
d) poor cellular cohesiveness
e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Tumor cell markers:
a) are proteases
b) are absolutely diagnostic for cancer
c) can monitor the course of cancer
d) indicate metastasis |
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Definition
| c - can monitor the course of cancer |
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Term
Telomeres:
a) block unlimited cell division
b) activate oncogenes
c) encode repair proteins for damaged DNA
d) lead to increased mutation rates |
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Definition
| a - block unlimited cell division |
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Term
Metastasis is:
a) an alteration in normal cellular growth
b) growth of begnin or malignant neoplastic cells
c) mutational
d) the ability to establish a secondary neoplasm at a new site |
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Definition
| d - the ability to establish a secondary neoplasm at a new site |
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Term
Carcinoma in situ is:
a) preinvasive
b) a glandular or epithelial lesion
c) a teratomoa
d) a carcinoma that has broken through the basement membrane
e) both a and b |
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Definition
| e - both a and b - preinvasive, a glandular or epithelial lesion |
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Term
Known routes of metastasis include:
a) continuous extension
b) lymphatic spread
c) bloodstream dissemination
d) both b and c
e) a, b and c |
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Definition
| e - a, b and c - continuous extension, lymphatic spread, bloodstream dissemination |
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Term
Tumor suppressor genes are:
a) genes that have the ability to transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell
b) normal genes that regulate growth and development
c) genes that produce proteins that inhibit cellular division
d) both b and c |
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Definition
| c - genes that produce proteins that inhibit cellular division |
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Term
In the current theory of carcinogenesis:
a) the sequence is initiation-promotion-progression
b) several mutagenic "hits" are required
c) mutations in somatic cells are transmitted to future generations
d) sequential genetic changes occur
e) both b and d |
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Definition
| e - both b and d - several mutagenic "hits" are required and sequential genetic changes occur |
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Term
Which is NOT involved in metastasis?
a) initial establishment
b) interference
c) invasion
d) dissemination
e) proliferation |
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Definition
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Term
The p53 gene:
a) enables cells to cope with DNA damage
b) blocks the proliferation of cells that have suffered carcinogenic mutations
c) mutations are the most common genetic lesion in human cancer
d) mutations disable an emergency brake on cell proliferation
e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The sequence of carcinogenesis is:
a) exposure to carcinogens, selection of subclones, and mutation of genetic molecules
b) ionizing radiation, caretaker gene activity, and point mutation
c) several mutagenic "hits" to DNA, reactivation of telomerase, and development of immortal cells
d) carcinoma insitu, altered genetic molecules, and sequential mutagenic changes |
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Definition
| c - several mutagenic "hits" to DNA, reactivation of telomerase, and development of immortal cells |
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Term
Adjuvant chemotherapy:
a) produces irreversible tissue alteration
b) is well suited to treated localized disease
c) seeks to shrink tumors
d) is used prior to localized surger
e) follows surgery to eliminate micrometastases |
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Definition
| e - follows surgery to eliminate micrometastases |
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