Term
| What are the two different estrogen hormones? |
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Definition
Estradiol (E2) - Physiologically most important Estriol (E3) - Produced by Placenta |
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Term
| Where is progesterone produced? |
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Definition
Corpus Luteum - source in non-pregnant women Placenta - Source during pregnancy |
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Term
| How are the different Ovarian steroids transported? |
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Definition
Estradiol - Sex steroid-binding globulin Progesterone - Transcortin |
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Term
| What effect does Estradiol and Progesterone have on the Endometrium of the Uterus? |
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Definition
Estradiol - Increase Proliferation and Blood supply Progesterone - Increase Secretion and Blood supply |
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Term
| What effect does Estradiol and Progesterone have on the Myometrium of the Uterus? |
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Definition
Estradiol - Increase Contractions Progesterone - Decrease Contractions |
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Term
| What effect does Estradiol and Progesterone have on the Cervical Mucous of the Uterus? |
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Definition
Estradiol - Decrease Viscosity Progesterone - Increase Viscosity |
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Term
| What effect does Estradiol and Progesterone have on the Mammary Gland? |
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Definition
Estradiol - Growth of ducts Progesterone - Growth of Alveoli |
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Term
| What other effects does Estradiol and Progesterone have on the Uterus? |
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Definition
Estradiol - Increase Follicular Development, Increase Bone Density Progesterone - Increase Basal Body Temperature |
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Term
| Why can Estrogen act like a contraceptive? |
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Definition
| It supresses FSH secretion and follicular maturation |
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Term
| How does Estrogen affect the reproductive system? |
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Definition
| It is "preparatory" in regards to the uterus, and it helps endometrial growth and development. |
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Term
| How does estrogen cause myometrial excitability? |
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Definition
| In regards to the vagina, it stimulates growth and cornification of epithelium. |
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Term
| What does estrogen due in terms of glandular secretion? |
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Definition
| For the mammary gland, it aids in growth and development of ducts |
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Term
| How does Estrogen affect the metabolism? |
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Definition
| In regards to your cardiovascular system, increased estrogen can lead to a favorable lipoprotein profile. |
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Term
| How does estrogen affect blood coagulation? |
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Definition
| Increased estrogen levels lead to increased Vitamin K, which leads to blood coagulation |
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Term
| How does Estrogen affect your skeletal structure? |
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Definition
| Blocks PTH (parathyroid hormone) induced bone reabsorption |
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Term
| How does Estrogen affect electrolytes? |
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Definition
| Enhances sodium and water retention, leading to edema |
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Term
| How is Estrogen responsible for reproductive "maintenance"? |
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Definition
| Stimulates endometrial secretion-implantation in the uterus |
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Term
| How does Estrogen affect the mammary gland (besides growth + development)? |
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Definition
| Enables myometrial relaxation in the mammary gland. |
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Term
| How are Progestins contraceptives? |
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Definition
| Suppress LH secretion and ovulation |
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Term
| What do Progestins do to the cervical mucous? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Progestins do to sperm motility and transit time? |
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Definition
| Decrease motility and transit time |
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Term
| What do Progestins do to the fallopian tubes? |
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Definition
| Decrease cilliary and peristaltic movement of fallopian tubes. |
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Term
| What do Progestins do to ovum transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mechanism of movement of Progestins? |
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Definition
| Lipophilic hormones paired with cytosolic/nuclear receptors |
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Term
| Where are Ovarian steroids metabolized? |
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Definition
| In the liver.....they are subsequently inactivated |
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Term
| What three hormones control follicular development and secretion? |
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Definition
| These three hormones are FSH, LH, and Estradiol |
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Term
| LH binds to ____ receptors and increases _____ production by increasing conversion of __________ to ___________ via the _________________ |
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Definition
| Thecal; testosterone; cholesterol; pregnenolone; cAMP-protein kinase (PK) second messenger system |
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Term
| A surge of WHAT happens during ovulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the non-pregnant female, what controls the secretions of the corpus luteum? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the pregnant female, what controls the secretions of the Corpus Luteum? |
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Definition
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Term
| GnRH (Also called LHRH or FSRH) stimulates the anterior pituitary to synthesize _______ which stimulates the ________ which inhibits the hypothalamus by sending out ________ |
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Definition
| LH; Corpus Luteum and Follicle; Progesterone |
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Term
| GnRH (Also called LHRH or FSRH) stimulates the anterior pituitary to synthesize _______ which stimulates the ________ which inhibits the anterior pituitary by sending out ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The LH surge causes what positive feedback mechanism? |
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Definition
| A high E2 positive feedback mechanism |
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Term
| What happens to hormonal levels during puberty? |
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Definition
| GnRH increases, which leads to FSH and LH secretion, and then secondary sex characteristics. |
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Term
| Adrenal Androgens are responsible for what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ovarian failure (cessation of menstrual cycles) |
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Term
| What does Hypogonadism lead to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Hypergonadism lead to? |
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Definition
Before Puberty - Precocious puberty Adults - Amenorrhea, Oligomenorrhea |
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Term
| During the preimplantation period, what is the source of progesterone and what does it do? |
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Definition
| It is produced by the corpus luteum (CL?) of the menstrual cycle and stimulates secretion of nutrients by oviduct and uterus. Primes uterus so decidua forms at implantation. |
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Term
| What is the source of progesterone in early postimplantation and what does it do? |
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Definition
| Corpus Luteum of pregnancy stimulated by hCG. This prevents menstruation; it also maintains decidual tissue. |
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Term
| What is the source of progesterone in the 2nd and 3rd Trimester and what does it do? |
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Definition
| It is produced in the placenta and it prevents uterine contractions. |
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Term
| What happens to hCG, Progesterone, and Estrogen levels DURING pregnancy (about 40 weeks)?? |
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Definition
| hCG is high for about 15 weeks, then decreases and tapers off, while progesterone and estrogen levels start off low, and finish very high at week 40. |
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Term
| What are the three main roles of the Estrogen hormone Estriol (E3)? |
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Definition
Stimulates the myometrium Mammary gland development (lactation) Parturition Initiation (Childbirth) |
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Term
| What causes contractions during labor? |
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Definition
| Positive feedback loop of oxytocin in conjunction with the myometrium of the cervix causes contractions during labor |
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Term
| What two hormones are essential for milk production? |
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Definition
A. Prolactin - required for milk secretion B. Oxytocin - Milk ejection reflex |
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Term
| What causes a cessation of lactation? |
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Definition
Absence of sucking -> Decreases Prolactin, Oxytocin Hyperprolactinemia -> Decreases GnRH -> postpartum amenorrhea |
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