Term
| Humans have ______ chromosomes that are in ____ pairs within a cell's nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pairs of chromosomes are called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autosomes are the 22 pairs of chromosomes that control: |
|
Definition
| traits that do not relate to gender of an individual |
|
|
Term
| Sex Chromosomes are the 1 pair that: |
|
Definition
| contain the genes that DO control gender |
|
|
Term
| Cells (body cells) that have 46 (2N) chromosomes are called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells (sex cells) that have only 23 (N) chromosomes not in pairs are called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The cell cycle
1. Interphase: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The cell cycle
2. Mitosis |
|
Definition
|
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
|
|
Term
The cell cycle
2. Cytokinesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes contain both ____ and proteins (collectively called _________) |
|
Definition
DNA and proteins
chromatin
|
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes that are dividing are made up of 2 identical parts called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sister chromatids are held together at a region called the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
THE SPINDLE IN MITOSIS
Centrosome |
|
Definition
| The microtubule organizing center of the cell |
|
|
Term
THE SPINDLE IN MITOSIS
Aster |
|
Definition
| An array of microtubules at the poles (ends of the cell) |
|
|
Term
THE SPINDLE IN MITOSIS
Centrioles |
|
Definition
| short cylinders of microtubules that assist in the formation of spindle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- A diploid makes and divides an exact copy of its nucleus
- Used in cell growth and cell repair
- Occurs in body cells
- 4 phases
- Prohase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Centrosomes have duplicated. Chromatin is condensing into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope is fragmenting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleolus has dissapeared, and duplicated chromosomes are visible. Centrosomes begin moving apart, and spindle is in process of forming. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber. Some spindle fibers stretch from each spindle pole and overlap. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the equator (center of fully formed spindle). Spindle fibers attached to the sister chromatids come from opposite spindle poles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sister chromatids part and become daughter chromosomes that move toward the spindle poles. In this way, each pole receives the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Daughter cells are forming as nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear. Chromosomes will become indistinct chromatin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-
occurs in sex cells
-
two nuclear divisions occur to make 4 haploid cells
-
used to make gametes (egg and sperm)
-
has 8 phases (4 in each meiosis I & II)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis) and crossing-over occurs in which there is exchange of genetic information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homologous pairs lined at the equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 daughter cells result each with 23 duplicated chromosomes |
|
|
Term
CROSSING OVER IN PROPHASE I
CROSSING-OVER |
|
Definition
is the exchange of genetic information between nonhomologous sister chromatids during synapsis
This occurs during prophase I of meiosis and increases genetic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Chromosomes condense again
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Chromosomes align at the equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 4 daughter cells result each with 23 unduplicated chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Growth and repair of cells Formation of gametes
Occurs in body cells Occurs in sex cells
1 division 2 divisions
Results in 2 diploid Results in 4 haploid
genetically identical cells genetically diff cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-
Process of making sperm in males
-
A continual process after puberty
-
about 400 million sperm are produced per day
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-
Process of makins eggs in females
-
During meiosis 1 egg and 3 polar bodies are formed
-
Polar bodies act to hold discarded chromosomes and thus disintegrate
-
Normally 1 egg per month is produced and ~500 during the entire reproductive cycle
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when both members of a homologous pair go into the same daughter cell during meiosis I or when sister chromatids fails to separate in meiosis II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RESULTS OF NONDISJUNCTION
MONOSOMY |
|
Definition
cell has only 1 copy of a chromosome
e.g. Turner syndrome (only has one X chromosome) |
|
|
Term
RESULTS OF NONDISJUNCTION
TRISOMY
|
|
Definition
cell has 3 copies of a chromosome
e.g. Down syndrome (3 copies of chromosome 21) |
|
|
Term
CHANGES IN SEX CHROMOSOME NUMBER
TURNER SYNDROME (X) |
|
Definition
Short stature, broad shouldered with folds of skin on the neck, underdeveloped sex organs, no breasts |
|
|
Term
CHANGES IN SEX CHOMOSOME NUMBER
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME (XXY) |
|
Definition
| underdeveloped sex organs, breast development, large hands and long arms and legs |
|
|
Term
CHANGES IN SEX CHOMOSOME NUMBER
POLY-X FEMALE (XXX, XXXX) |
|
Definition
- XXX tends to be tall and thin but not usually retarded
- XXXX are severely retarded |
|
|
Term
CHANGES IN SEX CHOMOSOME NUMBER
JACOBS SYNDROME (XYY) |
|
Definition
| - tall, persistent acne, speech and reading problems |
|
|
Term
CHANGES IN CHOMOSOME STRUCTURE
DELETIONS |
|
Definition
| loss of a piece of the chromosome (e.g. Williams syndrome) |
|
|
Term
CHANGES IN CHOMOSOME STRUCTURE
TRANSLOCATIONS |
|
Definition
movement of chromosome segments from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome (Alagille syndrome) |
|
|
Term
CHANGES IN CHOMOSOME STRUCTURE
DUPLICATIONS |
|
Definition
presence of a chromosome segment more than once in the same chromosome |
|
|
Term
CHANGES IN CHOMOSOME STRUCTURE
INVERSIONS |
|
Definition
a segment of a chromosome is inverted 180 degrees |
|
|
