Term
| What are the types of hormones produced by the human Adrenal gland? |
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Definition
1. Steroid hormones
2. Catelocholamines |
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Term
| What two components make up the adrenal? |
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Definition
1. Medulla (inner)
2. Cortex (outer) |
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Term
| The cortex accounts for 90% of the weight and is responsible for making what? |
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Definition
1. Cortisol
2. Aldosterone
3. DHEA |
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Term
| What are the 3 zones of the cortex and what does each zone make? |
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Definition
1. Glomerulosa = Aldosterone
2. Fasciculata = Cortisol
Reticularis = Androgens |
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Term
| The medulla makes ____________ and __________, and in what %. |
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Definition
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Term
| In steroid hormone synthesis which step is considered to be the RLS? |
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Definition
| The conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone via CYPscc |
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Term
Cortisol is an example of a _______________
Aldoesterone is an example of _____________
DHEA are an example of what__________ |
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Definition
Glucocorticoid
Mineralocorticoid
Androgens |
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Term
| In the Zone glomerulosa, starting with cholesterold what rxns occur? |
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Definition
| Cholesterol (via P450scc)---Pregnenolone (via 3B-HSD)---- Progesterone ---- 11 DOC (via 11 hydroxylase)----Corticosterone (via 18 hydroxylase)----= Aldosterone |
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Term
| In the Zone Fasiculata, either Progesterone or pregnenolone can exit cell and go to mitochondria. List the series of rxns that occur once in. |
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Definition
If starting with Pregnenolone:
(17 Hydroxylase) 17-OH Pregnenolone---- (via3 BHD)-----OH-Progesterone----- (via 21 hydroxylase) 11 Deoxycortisol----(via 11 hydroxylase) -----= Cortisol |
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Term
| What things stimulate Alodsterone production in the glomerulosa? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does ACTH stimulate Cortisol production? |
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Definition
| ACTh acts via GPCR and activates kinase to free up cholesterol to be used in making the steroid hormone. |
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Term
| Cortisol inhibits both _______ and ___________ via negative feed back. |
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Definition
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Term
| The release of ACTH from the Ant. Pit is regulated by _________ from the Hypothalamus. |
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Definition
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Term
What % of cortisol is unbound?
85% of cortisol is bound to what?
and the remainder % bind to this? |
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Definition
5%
CBG = Cortisol Binding globulin
Albumin (10%) |
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Term
In the kidney' which type of 11 B-Hydroxylsteroid Dehydrogenase converts Cortisol to Cortisone?
Which converts Cortisone to Cortisol? |
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Definition
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Term
| ANT II is a main stimulator of ____________ when volume is reduced. |
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Definition
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Term
| When you have a decrease in volume or pressure what gets stimulated? |
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Definition
Renin gets released from the kidney
Renin catalyzes rxn from Angiotensinogen to ANT I
ANT I (via ACE) -----= ANT II
ANT II stimulate aldosterone production
Aldo reabsorbs Na+ and excretes K+
(ALL TO INCREASE VOLUME)
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Term
| T/F: Excess K+ stimulates aldosterone to be released because the Aldosterone wants to excrete the excess K via urine/feces/sweat. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some things that will stimulate aldosterone release? |
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Definition
1. Low Blood volume
2. Low blood pressure
3. Low Na+
4. Excess K+ |
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Term
| What are some of the effects of aldosterone? |
|
Definition
1. Reaborbs Na+
2. Excretes K+
3. Increase volume |
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Term
| When is cortisol levels the highest? |
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Definition
In the morning
During stress
During exercise |
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Term
| T/F: Mineralocorticoid receptors have a high affinity so require very little to saturate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cortisol often times binds to MR. What occurs to make sure that Aldo binds instead of Cortisol? |
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Definition
Cortisol (active) gets converted to Cortisone (inactive ) via 11 BHSD II
Cortisone is now too big to fit to the receptor, Aldo will bind. |
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Term
| Where are Glucocorticoid receptors found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the net effect of Glucocorticoids on intermediary metabolism? |
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Definition
| Increases the blood glucose by decreasing inibiting muscle protein synthesis and increasing fat mobilization and by stimulating gluconeogensis. |
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Term
| What effects does glucocorticoids have on growth and development? |
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Definition
| It inhibits growth by inhibiting bone formation via osteoblasts and collagen synthesis. |
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Term
| T/F: Glucocorticoids suppress and block the immune system and the inflammatory response. |
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Definition
True
Inhibit PG and LK production in inflammation |
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Term
| What are some causes for excess Glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
1. Adrenal tumor
2. Pituitary tumor
3. Ectopic ACTH or CRF secreting tumor
3. Depression |
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Term
Cushings Syndrome is from?
Cushings diseases is from? |
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Definition
Syndrome is due to an excess of Glucocorticoids due to overstimulation of ACTH
Disease is the Syndrome caused by excess Corticotropin secretion due to a pituitary tumor. |
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Term
| What are some clinical manifestations of excess glucose? |
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Definition
1. Hyper (everything)
2. insulin resistance
3. muscle wasting
4. fat deposition
5. decreased inflammatory response
6. increase infections
7. osteoporosis |
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Term
| Glucocorticoid deficiency due to reduction in adrenal activity is known as what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some clinical manifestations of glucocorticoid deficiency? |
|
Definition
1. hypo (everything)
2. depression
3. weight loss
4. Insulin sensitivity |
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Term
| What is an example of a primary cause of hypocortisolism? |
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Definition
| Adrenal Insuffiency due to autoimmune disease or genetic disease |
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Term
| With a 11 Hydroxylase deficiency what results? |
|
Definition
1. low cortisol and aldosterone
2. high amount of DOC
3. W/ the low Cortisol we increase ACTH, DOC and DHEA |
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Term
| What are some clinical manifestations of 11 hydroxylase deficiency? |
|
Definition
1. Hypertentive
2. Hypokalemic
3. Androgenized |
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Term
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Definition
| When there is too much androgen action after birth sot he female develops secondary characteristics of males such as facial hair. |
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Term
| With a 21 Hydroxylase deficiency there is a defeciet in ________ and _________ but an elevation of ___________. |
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Definition
Cortisol and aldosterone
androgens |
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Term
| With a 17 Hydroxylase deficiency there is low cortisol but a high amount of ___________ and ___________ which leads to increase in ___________ that decreases ________. |
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Definition
ACTH and DOC
Na
Aldosterone |
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Term
| What deficiency has XY phenotypic females? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: In a 17 Hydroxylase deficiency there is also in deficiet in sex steroids. |
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Definition
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Term
| What stimulates the medulla to make EPI and NE? |
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Definition
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