Term
| The organs of the GI system are ___________ organs. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Organs with specialized cells that secrete substances not related to their ordinary metabolism (substances used by other cells) |
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Term
| What type of glands does the GI system have? |
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Definition
1. Single cell mucous glands = mucous cells + goblet cells
2. Tubular
3. Complex |
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Term
| What is the function of the single cell mucous glands? |
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Definition
| To protect and lubricate epithelium |
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Term
| What is the crypt called in the S.I.? |
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Definition
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Term
What 3 glands make up the complex glands?
And what is there function? |
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Definition
1. Parotid gland
2. Submandibular
3. Sublingual
All used to make saliva |
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Term
| How much saliva is made daily? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Parotid gland lacks ____________, so the substances that they secrete are _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cells are found in the Parotid gland, and what does these cells contain? |
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Definition
Have serous acinar cells
The cells contain Salivary amylase |
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Term
| Both the Submandibular and Sublingual glands contain ____________ and ____________ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Only the Sublingual gland can produce viscous saliva that contain mucins. |
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Definition
| False; Both the Sublingual and Submandibular do |
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Term
| What type of cell produces mucins in the sublingual and submandibular glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of Saliva? And which one is the main component? |
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Definition
1. Water (main)
2. Electroyltes
3. Enzymes
4. Growth Factors
5. Secretory Immunoglobulins |
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Term
| What is the functions of saliva? |
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Definition
1. Digestion
2. Protection and oral hygiene |
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Term
| Saliva lubricates and moistens food to make swallowing easier. It forms what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is digestion and how is it accomplished? |
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Definition
The conversion of food into absorbable substances in the GI Tract.
Done by mechanical and chemical breakdown of food |
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Term
| How does saliva protect us? |
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Definition
It cleans the mouth
Has enzymes with antimicrobial properties
Contains Secretory immunoglobulins |
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Term
| List the protective salivary proteins. |
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Definition
1. Lactoperoxidase
2. Lysozyme
3. Cytokine
4. Secretory Immunoglobulins |
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Term
| Lactoperoxidase in saliva functions in a __________ immunity role. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lysozymes in saliva hydrolyze the bacterias ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Cytokines in saliva produce antibodies in order to provide protection. |
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Definition
| False; Secretory Immunoglobulins do. |
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Term
| What 2 salivary proteins are involved in digestion? Which one carries out the majority of digestive function of the saliva? |
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Definition
1. Alpha-amylase (majority)
2. Lingual Lipase |
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Term
What is the role of alpha amylase in saliva?
What is it's optimal pH? |
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Definition
To break down starch into oligosaccharide molecules.
optimal pH of 7
( but can function btwn 4-11) |
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Term
| What is the function of the lingual lipase found in saliva? |
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Definition
| Enzyme made by the tongue that catalyzes the break down of lipids |
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Term
| Do Adults or children have a higher activity of lingual lipase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some properties of Mucus? |
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Definition
1. Has glycoproteins
2. Resistant to digestion by GI enzymes
3. Lubricant
4. Low resistance to slippage
5. Has Binding properties |
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Term
| What factors influence salivary secretion? |
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Definition
1. Parasympathetic stimulation of glands
2. Sympathetic stimulation of glands
3. Secondary factor |
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Term
| Which factor influence the secretion of copious saliva? And how does it occur? |
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Definition
PNS
Smell sends signals to superior and inferior salivatory nuclei in brain |
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Term
| Sympathetic stimulation of glands to secrete saliva orignates from the superior ______________ ganglia. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Secondary factor influence salivary secretion? |
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Definition
| PNS release Bradykinin. This dilates blood vessels and results in increased nutrition. |
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Term
| What is the plasma of blood made up of? |
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Definition
1. Water
2. Electrolytes
3. Proteins
4. Glucose
5. Fats
6. Bilirubin
7. Gases |
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Term
| Alpha amylase is made by the acinar cells of the glands and is stored in _____________ granules. |
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Definition
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Term
| What things stimulate the release (via exocytosis) of Salivary amylase stored in zymogen granules? |
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Definition
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Term
| At rest HCO3-, Cl-, Na+ in saliva is < than in plasma. As time progresses the ph become alkaline, why? |
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Definition
| pH ~ 8 due to increase in HCO3- |
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Term
| Since water is the major component of saliva, but the P.M. prevents its transport, what must be used to secrete water in the glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which AQ isoform is present in parotid and submandibular glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are AQs stored at rest? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cholesterol and glycolipid enriched domains in cells |
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Term
| Describe the Cholinergic regulation of water secretion. |
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Definition
1.AcH binds to M3R that is coupled to Gq
2. Activates PIP2 to make IP3 and DAG
3. IP3 binds to IP3R
4. IP3R releases Ca2+ into cell
5. AQP5 translocated to P.M. |
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Term
| T/F: NO is involved with increase water secretion. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of a disorder of the AQP5? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Xerostomia is mainly in diabetic patients and the ederly. What changes in both groups that causes this disorder? |
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Definition
In diabetics = decreased translocation of AQP5 from lipid rafts to the P.M. due to decreased M3R or decreased in Ca2+ release.
In elderly = decreased responsiveness of AQP5 to AcH stimulation
(can have same changes as diabetics) |
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Term
| What effects does Andrenergics have on salivary secretions? |
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Definition
| B-adrenergic binds and stimulates AC to make cAMP. This stimulates PKA to thus stimulate the release of amylase. |
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Term
| T/F: Cholinergic regulation of amylase secretion works the same way it does for water secretion. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ secretions are necessary for growth and survival. |
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Definition
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Term
| What results were concluded from the Knock out mice study? |
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Definition
| Those who dont have IP3R, cannot release Ca2+ thus cannot translocate AQP5 to PM to secrete water nor can it release amylase. |
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Term
| What do antimuscarinics do/prevent? |
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Definition
| They bind and block the M3R to function properly. No signal transduction will occur so no Ca2+ release, no H2O or amylase release. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any injury caused by trauma, scratching, abrasion, or chemical/thermal burn. |
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