Term
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Definition
Prone: rests in physiological flexion, head rotated to one side, pelvis elevated causing weight shift to face and hands, random movement.
Supine: rests in physiological flexion, head rotated to one side 45 degrees, random movement, head rotation.
Pull to Sit: head lag, no assist
Sitting: head flops forward, spine in C-curve
Supported Standing: partial weight bearing – positive support/primary standing reflex, no trunk extension, knees = genu varum, heels close together weight bearing on lateral borders of feet, automatic stepping reflex when leaned forward |
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Term
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Definition
Prone: physiological flexion decreasing, elbows behind shoulders, decreased hip flexion, pelvis lower, head turn and LE kicking
Supine: physiological flexion decreasing, head more rotated
Pull to Sit: increased head lag – cervical flexors are stretched out, no assist
Sitting: brief attempts to lift head, cannot sustain; back in C-curve
Supported Standing: same as neonate except feet are further apart and don’t cross each other |
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Term
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Definition
Prone: head held up 45 degrees from surface, weight on hands and forearms (not POE yet), elbows behind shoulders, POS moving further back, head lift and turn, beginning to visually scan environment.
Supine: rests in ATNR, head more rotated and rarely in midline, decreased hip flexion, more ER, ABD, feet on floor, random swiping movements with arms
Pull to Sit: less head lag than at 1 month – activating cervical flexors, but head still behind trunk, tries to assist with UE
Sitting: holds head up for short periods, bobs forward, increasing cervical extension (beginning cervical lordosis), beginning of high guard position
Supported Standing: Astasia - Abasia. Astasia – no weight bearing, Abasia – no stepping. Hips are behind shoulders |
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Term
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Definition
Prone: POE, head held 90 degrees from surface, elbows in line with shoulders, rotates head to view environment, “puppy prone” – hips flexed, abducted, and ER. Accidently rolls prone to supine/SL due to ATNR (skull side) or uncontrolled weight shift (face side)
Supine: symmetry begins, head close to midline, hands together on chest, pulls on clothes, frog legs – hip flexion, abduction, ER, knee flexion, feet together in air or on surface
Pull to Sit: decreased head lag but still behind trunk, asymmetrical cervical flexor activation causes head rotation, shoulder elevation to stabilize head
Sitting: holds head up longer using cervical flexors and extensors, rotates head to view environment, shoulder elevation to stabilize head in midline, increased thoracic extension, high guard
Supported Standing: takes some weight on legs again (astasia – abasia gone), toes curled – plantar grasp reflex, pelvis behind shoulders, wide BOS – abduction, ER, knees extended, weight on medial border of feet due to abduction |
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Term
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Definition
Prone: POE with chest off surface – horizontal adduction helps lift chest, increased anterior pelvic tilt/lumbar extension due to hip flexor tightness, better control of face side weight shift, pelvis down, more narrow BOS – random kicking leads to pelvic weight shift – accidently rolls to sidelying; pivot prone begins – scapular adduction to lift arms
Supine: characterized by symmetry, increased trunk flexor activity – flexors balance extensors, brings hands together in space, hands to knees, hip and knee flexion – posterior pelvic tilt, extends legs – anterior pelvic tilt, interplay btwn these develops pelvic mobility, accidently rolls to SL from hands on knees or hyperextending neck
Side Lying: plays in SL, stimulates lateral head righting with unilateral flexor/extensor activation
Pull to Sit: head in midline, minimal head lag at beginning, active UE flexion, some abdominal/LE flexion
Sitting: head in midline, trunk straight through thoracic region, still requires external support, can relax from high guard if supported
Supported Standing: takes more control of weight on legs, still abducted but less than at 3 months, maintains standing with hands held, begins high guard in standing, knees stiff due to quadriceps activity, pelvis still behind shoulders and toes still curled |
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Term
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Definition
Prone: POH, increased shoulder stability, able to reach forward with one arm, rolls prone to supine with control, pivot prone – head, UE, and upper trunk extend off surface
Supine: increased flexor control, reaches to be picked up, hands to feet and feet to mouth – LE awareness, stretches hamstrings, desensitizes feet, rolls to SL
Side Lying: plays in SL with LE dissociation – lower leg extended, upper leg flexed, lateral trunk flexion – elongation of trunk on WB side
Pull to Sit: NO HEAD LAG, pulls with arms, legs flexed at hips and knees, abs active
Sitting: ring sits independently with forward propping – UEs not available for play, wide BOS
Supported Standing: takes almost full body weight on legs, legs are in line with body but ER, knees extended and feet flat or pronated, may let go of knee extension and sink into flexion, then extend again – proprioceptive and vestibular info, pelvis anterior tilt, trunk more upright, arms relax if supported |
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Term
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Definition
Prone: mature pivot prone – head, upper trunk, UE and LE extended off surface, pushes self back in POH, weight shift on extended arms, equilibrium reactions
Supine: hands to feet with more knee extension, lifts head independently, rolls supine to prone – LE dissociation, lateral flexion to move from SL to prone
Sitting: ring sits independently without forward propping – hands free to play, improved trunk and pelvic control – back straight, hip extensors prevent collapsing forward, protective extension forward
Supported Standing: supports full weight on legs with hands held, cannot move out of standing, lots of bouncing, hip extensors more active, pelvis still behind shoulders, mild lordosis, feet pronated, more control of knee flexion/extension |
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Term
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Definition
Prone: pivots in prone – weight shift to move in semi-circle, commando crawls – weight shift then pulls with UE
Supine: does not like supine – rolls out of it, equilibrium reactions
Side Lying: plays frequently in SL, good lateral righting, gradually increases inclination of trunk towards side sitting
Pull to Sit: does alone by pulling with UEs, uses hip flexion and knee extension
Sitting: trunk erect, beginning lumbar lordosis, can lean forward, begins to rotate trunk due to head rotation and reaching, gets into sitting from quadruped – uses lateral pelvic weight shift – NO trunk rotation to transition, transitions from sitting to quadruped – no trunk rotation
Quadruped: assumes quadruped – pushes into quad from prone or transitions from sitting, rocks in quadruped, assumes bear standing
Kneeling: can pull into kneeling at furniture from quadruped, needs UE support to maintain
Pull to Stand: pulls into standing from kneeling, can get into standing independently using UE support and symmetrical LE extension
Standing with UE Support: can maintain full weight on legs, cannot sit controlled – plops or falls, may engage in steppage gait if provided trunk support |
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Term
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Definition
Prone: does not like
Side Lying: plays, but prefers more functional positions
Sitting: decreased need for LE positional stability, can move into long sitting or combo ring/long, good trunk rotation, lateral protective extension, equilibrium reactions, still transitions to and from sitting without trunk rotation
Quadruped: creeps – primary means of locomotion – starts homolateral, then reciprocal, bear walks
Kneeling: creeps in quadruped to furniture, pulls into tall kneeling at furniture, needs UE support
Half Kneeling: may be able to assume half kneeling, needs UE support
Climbing: will climb and pull to standing on stairs and cannot get down – safety risk
Pull to Stand: pulls to stand with symmetrical LE extension, legs do more work than at 7 months, arms still do majority of work
Standing with UE Support: abducts and ER for positional stability, can reach for toy with one hand
Cruising: trunk facing furniture, needs both hands for support
Walking: steppage gait if trunk supported, no propulsion |
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Term
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Definition
Sitting: most functional/versatile position, uses different LE positions (side sitting, and W sitting), can use trunk rotation to transition between side sitting and quadruped, must use straight plane movements to transition in and out of W sitting
Quadruped: can push back into W sitting, creeps with trunk rotation, equilibrium reactions
Kneeling: can assume from W sitting or quad, can maintain for short periods with no support
Half Kneeling: will play in half kneeling, requires UE support to maintain
Climbing: will attempt to sit down backwards on stairs – safety concern
Pull to Stand: can pull to stand through half kneeling, requires UE support
Standing with UE Support: supports full weight on legs, only needs 1 UE support
Cruising: semi-turned, both hands on furniture, steps not in frontal plane, but not yet in sagittal plane
Walking: will attempt walking with 2 hand held support, still uses steppage gait and has no propulsion |
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Term
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Definition
Sitting: long sits, tailor sits, protective extension backwards – usually rotation with one hand back
Quadruped: creeping still main form of mobility, climbs over obstacle while creeping
Kneeling and Half Kneeling: continues to play in both positions, can maintain kneeling with no UEs, still needs UEs for half kneeling
Climbing: climbs over obstacles while creeping, increased perceptual awareness – looks backwards and attempts to tailor sit on stairs
Rise to Stand: stands through half kneeling with legs doing majority of work, uses hands for balance
Standing with UE Support: requires 1 UE for balance, symmetrically lowers self from standing with UE support
Cruising: forward with 1 hand on furniture, steps in sagittal plane, cruises around corners and from furniture to furniture
Walking: walks with both hands held, arms in high guard, increased trunk extension with extension of stance hip to propel forward |
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Term
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Definition
Sitting: varies LE positions (long sit, side sit, tailor sit, W sit)
Quadruped: creeping still main form of mobility, continues to develop problem solving skills by climbing
Squatting: assumes squat position from quadruped, can play in squat or push into standing from floor
Kneeling and Half Kneeling: continues to play in both, maintains half kneeling with no UE support
Climbing: climbs onto furniture and sits down, must be taught how to get down off furniture
Rise to Stand: stands through half knee with 1 UE for balance, pushes to standing from squat
Standing: stands for short periods without support – uses positional stability from LE BOS, can lower self asymmetrically with UE support
Cruising: forward with 1 hand support
Walking: can walk forward with 1 hand held support or one hand resting on adults arm |
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Term
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Definition
Sitting: can easily reach across midline with trunk rotation, uses variety of LE positions
Quadruped: creeping still main form of mobility
Squatting, Kneeling, and Half Kneeling: will continue to play in all three positions without UE support
Climbing: continues developing problem solving skills
Rise to Stand: can rise to stand from floor with symmetrical LE extension, no push up from floor
Standing: stands without support, can lower self without UE support
Walking: walks independently with fast speed, short step/stride length, high cadence, short swing phase, wide BOS, and no arm swing – arm position will depend on goal, as stability improves, arms will relax by sides or carry toys |
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