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______, now a country in the Aegean, was a collection of independent city-states or poleis in antiquity that we know about archaeologically from the Bronze Age on. These poleis fought among one another and against bigger external forces, especially the Persians. Eventually, they were conquered by their neighbors to the north and then later became part of the Roman Empire. After the western Roman Empire fell, the Greek-speaking area of the Empire continued until 1453, when it fell to the Turks. |
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| Greece, a country in southeastern Europe whose peninsula extends from the Balkans into the Mediterranean Sea, is mountainous, with many gulfs and bays. Some areas of Greece are filled with forests. Much of Greece is stony and suitable only for pasturage, but other areas are suitable for growing wheat, barley, citrus, dates, and olives. |
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Despite major shortcomings in the area of accuracy, _________is called "the father of history" -- even by his contemporaries. Sometimes, however, more accuracy-minded people describe him as "the father of lies".
_________' Histories, celebrating the Greek victory over the Persians, were written in the mid-fifth century B.C. He wanted to present as much information about the Persian War as he could. What sometimes reads like a travelogue, includes information on the entire Persian Empire, and simultaneously explains the origins (aitia) of the conflict, by reference to mythological prehistory. |
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| ______________(c.525 - 456 B.C.) was the first great tragic poet. He introduced dialogue, the characteristic tragic boot (cothurnus) and mask. he established other conventions, like the performance of violent acts offstage. Before he became a tragic poet, _________, who wrote a tragedy about the Persians, fought in the Persian War in the battles at Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea. |
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| King of Macedon from 336 - 323 B.C., may claim the title of the greatest military leader the world has ever known. His empire spread from Gibraltar to the Punjab, and he made Greek the lingua franca of his world. At the death of _________a new Greek age began. This was the Hellenistic period during which Greek (or Macedonian) leaders spread Greek culture to the area Alexander had conquered. His colleague and relative Ptolemy took over his Egyptian conquest and created a city of Alexandria that became famous for its library, which attracted the leading scientific and philosophical thinkers of the age. |
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| _________(384 - 322 B.C.) was one of the most important western philosophers, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His philosophy, logic, science, metaphysics, ethics, politics and system of deductive reasoning have been of inestimable importance ever since. In the Middle Ages, the Church used his to explain its doctrines. |
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| (January 69 - August 12, 30 B.C.) was the last pharaoh of Egypt to rule during the Hellenistic era. After her death, Rome controlled Egypt. ________is known for her affairs with Caesar and Mark Antony, by whom she had respectively, one and three children, and her suicide by snake bite after her husband Antony took his own life. She was engaged in battle (with Mark Antony) against the winning Roman side headed by Octavian (Augustus) at Actium. |
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| The Persian king _____II, known as____________ is the first ruler of the Achaemenids. Around 540 B.C., he conquered Babylonia, becoming ruler of Mesopotamia and the eastern Mediterranean to Palestine. He ended the period of exile for the Hebrews, allowing them back to Israel to rebuild the Temple, and was called the Messiah by Deutero-Isaiah. The Cyrus Cylinder, which some view as an early human rights charter, confirms the Biblical history of the period. |
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| The successor of the founder of the Achaemenid Dynasty,_______united and improved the new empire, by irrigating, building roads, including the Royal Road, a canal, and refining the governmental system known as satrapies. His great building projects have memorialized his name. |
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| _________(384/383 - 322 B.C.) was an Athenian speech-writer, orator, and statesman, although he started out having a great deal of difficulty speaking in public. As official orator, he warned against Philip of Macedon, when he was beginning his conquest of Greece. _________' three orations against Philip, known as the Philippics, were so bitter that today a severe speech denouncing someone is called a Philippic. |
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| _________is credited with having put together material from such earlier mathematicians, expanded it, and with having written an Elements, a text book containing teachings on algebra, number theory, and especially geometry. |
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| __________of Cos, the father of medicine, lived from about 460-377 B.C. He may have trained to become a merchant before training medical students that there are scientific reasons for ailments. Before the Hippocratic corpus, medical conditions were attributed to divine intervention. Hippocratic medicine made diagnoses and prescribed simple treatments like diet, hygiene, and sleep. The name _____is familiar because of the oath that doctors take (Hippocratic Oath) and a body of early medical treatises that are attributed to |
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____________is the father of poets in the Greco-Roman tradition.
We don't know when and if he/she/they lived, but someone wrote the Iliadand the Odyssey about the Trojan War, and we call him _____or the so-called _____. Whatever his real name, he was a great epic poet. Herodotus says he lived four centuries earlier. This is not a precise date, but we can date "_____" to some time following the Greek Dark Age, which was the period after the Trojan War. _____is described as a blind bard or rhapsode. Ever since, his epic poems have been read and used for various purposes, including teaching about the gods, morality, and great literature. |
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| __________(c. 495 - 429 B.C.) brought Athens to its peak, turning the Delian League into the empire of Athens, and so the era in which he lived is named the Age of ________. He helped the poor, set up colonies, built the long walls from Athens to the Piraeus, developed the Athenian navy, and built the Parthenon, the Odeon, the Propylaea, and the temple at Eleusis. The name of ________is also attached to the Peloponnesian War. During the war he ordered the people of Attica to leave their fields and come into the city to stay protected by the walls. Unfortunately, he didn't foresee the affect of disease on the crowded conditions and so, along with many others, he died of the plague near the start of the war. |
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| _________(428/7 - 347 B.C.) was one of the most famous philosophers of all time. A type of love (Platonic) is named for him. We know about the famous philosopher Socrates through his dialogues. He is known as the father of idealism in philosophy. His ideas were elitist, with the philosopher king the ideal ruler. He is perhaps best known to college students for his parable of a cave, which appears in ______Republic. |
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________(c. A.D. 45-125) is an ancient Greek biographer who used material that is no longer available to us for his biographies. His two main works are called Parallel Lives and Moralia. The Parallel Livescompare a Greek and a Roman with a focus on how the character of the famous person influenced his life. Some of the 19 completely parallel lives are a stretch and many of the characters are ones we would consider mythological.
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| The dates of________ of Lesbos are not known. She is thought to have been born around 610 B.C. and to have died in about 570. Playing with the available meters, she wrote moving lyric poetry, odes to the goddesses, especially Aphrodite (the subject of her complete surviving ode), and love poetry, including the wedding genre of epithalamia, using vernacular and epic vocabulary. There is a poetic meter named for her (Sapphic). |
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| ___________an Athenian contemporary of Pericles (c. 470 - 399 B.C.), is a central figure in Greek philosophy. He is known for the pursuit of knowledge. He is famous for saying that he knows nothing and that the unexamined life is not worth living. He is also well known for stirring up sufficient controversy to be sentenced to a death that he had to carry out by drinking a cup of hemlock. He had important students, including the philosopher Plato. |
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| First coming to prominence, in about 600 B.C., for his patriotic exhortations when the Athenians were fighting a war with Megara for possession of Salamis, He was elected eponymous archon in 594/3 B.C. He faced the daunting task of improving the condition of debt-ridden farmers, laborers forced into bondage over debt, and the middle classes who were excluded from government. He had to help the poor while not alienating the increasingly wealthy landowners and aristocracy. Because of his reform compromises and other legislation, posterity refers to him as ______the lawgiver. |
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______(c. 496-406 B.C.), the second of the great tragic poets, wrote over 100 tragedies. Of these, there are fragments for more than 80, but only seven complete tragedies:
His contributions to the field of tragedy include introducing a third actor to the drama. He is well-remembered for his tragedies about Oedipus of Freud's complex-fame. |
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| _______was a Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher from the Ionian city of Miletus (c. 620 - c. 546 B.C.). He predicted a solar eclipse and was considered one of the 7 ancient Sages. Aristotle considered him the founder of natural philosophy. He developed the scientific method, theories to explain why things change, and proposed a basic underlying substance of the world. He started the field of Greek astronomy and may have introduced geometry into Greece from Egypt. |
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| ___________(c. 524-459 B.C.) persuaded the Athenians to use the silver from state mines at Laurion, where new veins had been found, to finance a port at Piraeus and a fleet. He also tricked Xerxes into making errors that led to his loss of the Battle of Salamis, the turning point in the Persian Wars. A sure sign that he was a great leader and had therefore provoked envy, ____________was ostracized under Athens' democratic system. |
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________(born c. 460-455 B.C.) wrote a valuable first-hand account of the Peloponnesian War (History of the Peloponnesian Wa) and improved the way in which history was written.
He wrote his history based on information about the war from his days as an Athenian commander and interviews with people on both sides of the war. Unlike his predecessor, Herodotus, he didn't delve into the background, but laid out the facts as he saw them, chronologically. We recognize more of what we consider the historical method in ________than we do in his predecessor, Herodotus. |
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| The Achaemenid Persian King_________ (520 - 465 B.C.) was the grandson of Cyrus and the son of Darius. Herodotus states that when a storm damaged the bridge ________had had built across the Hellespont, __________got mad, and ordered the water be lashed and otherwise punished. In antiquity, bodies of water were conceived of as gods. ______fought against the Greeks in the Persian Wars, winning a victory at Thermopylae and suffering defeat at Salamis. |
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| _________was an early Greek philosopher, astronomer and mathematician known for the ____________theorem, which geometry students use to figure the hypotenuse of a right triangle. He was also the founder of a school named for him. |
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| _________was outwitted by his nemesis Hera from before the time he was born. After his birth she tried to destroy him by putting snakes in his crib, but he was too powerful even then. He grew up to become the hero who beat the odds time and again, performed amazing, often helpful tasks, and yet was full of human foibles, even to the point of having to expiate the horrible crime of murdering his own children (under the guidance of Hera, of course). |
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| ________was the Greek's best warrior in the Trojan War. His nymphmother, Thetis, held him by his heel when she dipped him in the River Styx. This left him vulnerable in one spot on his body. When he fought in the Trojan War he was unbeatable, until the gods guided the hand of Paris to shoot an arrow into his heel. |
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| Craftier by far than any other hero, but also a very capable warrior. ____________was the wily hero of the Greeks whom they considered second only to Achilles. He was the one who came up with the idea of the Trojan Horse. He was also one of the few Greeks to reach his homeland of Ithaca, after 10 years of war and 10 years of troubles at sea. He was a descendant of Hermes, god of thieves. |
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| ___________was the son of Danae and Zeus. For a hero, having Zeus for a father was not unusual, but Zeus impregnated his mother as a shower of gold because Danae's father had tried to prevent his daughter from just such a liaison. After a bleak childhood, he was helped by the gods to obtain the deadly head of snaky-tressed Medusa. With the help of her head he could then turn anyone he wished to stone. |
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| _______was a Mycenean king, the brother-in-law of the infamous Helen, and the leader of all the Greek forces who went to Troy (to fight the Trojan War) for the purpose of recovering Helen for her Greek husband, Menelaus. |
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| Set in the tenth year of the Trojan war the ________tells the story of Achilles' wrath. It ends with Achilles returning Hector's body. |
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| The _______ _____ lasted from 492 - 449 B.C. and include the Battle of Marathon. In 490 B.C. (possibly on August or September 12), perhaps 25,000 ________, under King Darius' generals, landed on the Greek Plain of Marathon. |
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| All citizens in ancient Greece were warriors. But the ________ were the best warriors in all of Greece. There was no argument about that. The city-state of ______ was basically a well-trained army. In other city-states, children entered military school at age 18. In ______, they entered at age 6. The girls were taught how to fight as well. Their school was separate from the boys' school. It was not as brutal, perhaps. But still, the girls learned how to fight and steal and lie and kill - skills that could save their lives in times of war. |
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| __________thought of themselves as the best city-state in all of ancient Greece. They recognized that other city-states had value and were Greek, but they were the best. Ask any ancient _________ and they would tell you that ______had the best literature, the best poetry, the best drama, the best schools - and truly, they were a leading city-states. |
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| Some city-states were ruled by a king. This type of government is called a _________. The city-state of Corinth is an example; Corinth was ruled by a king. |
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| Ruled by a small group: Some city-states were ruled by a small group of people. This type of government is called an _________. The city-state of Sparta was ruled by a small group of retired and highly respected warriors. |
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| Ruled by many: One city-state, Athens, experimented with _________, or rule by many. For a while, every citizen in Athens could vote on laws and changes in the laws. This form of government continued until Athens was conquered by Sparta. |
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| About 200 city-states banded together to form the ______________ It was formed to create a treasury. The idea was that all the city-states in the league would pay money into the treasury to create a savings account. That account was to be used, if necessary, to fund a way. War was expense. It took money to make weapons, build ships, and train men. |
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| About 621 B.C. _______, an archon (magistrate), was commissioned by his fellow archons to write a code of laws. _____ outlawed private vengeance and put homicide and personal injury under the jurisdiction of the Areopagus (high court). He set unusually harsh penalties for crimes, hoping to persuade persons who had been wronged to leave vengeance to the court. His code was revised by Solon about 594 B.C. |
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| __________ an Athenian statesman and reformer credited with establishing democratic government in the Athenian city-state. He was one of the aristocrats exiled from Athens while Pisistratus and his sons ruled as tyrants, 560–510 B.C. When the tyranny was overthrown, He opposed the restoration of aristocratic rule. About 506 B.C. he revised the Athenian constitution and reorganized the government. |
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| Greek Ekklēsia, (“gathering of those summoned”), in ancient Greece, ___________of citizens in a city-state. Its roots lay in the Homeric agora, the meeting of the people. The Athenian Ecclesia, for which exists the most detailed record, was already functioning in Draco’s day (c. 621 bc). |
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| ---one of five senior Spartan magistrates |
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