Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Perinatal
n/a
102
Medical
Undergraduate 4
09/27/2009

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What stage of lung development is from fertilization to 6 weeks?
Definition
embryonic
Term
Lung buds first appear on the ___ day?
Definition
24th
Term
At what stage are the bronchi and bronchioles lined with cuboidal epithelium?
Definition
pseudoglandular
Term
Bronchial mucous glands and goblet cells appear the the ___ week?
Definition
13th
Term
Thinning of the extracellular mesoderm occurs at what stage of lung development?
Definition
Canalicular
Term
What stage of lung development is from 27 weeks to term?
Definition
saccular
Term
Fetal lung fluid is composed of what (3)?
Definition

sodium chloride

bicarbonate

protein (small percentage)

Term
The fetal lung will start producing and secreting fluid at what day?
Definition
70th
Term
Surfactant is stored where? (not type II)
Definition
lamellar inclusion bodies
Term
Immature surfactant at 24 weeks gestation lacks what?
Definition
phosphatidylglycerol (PG)
Term
L/S ratio and PG level determine what?
Definition
lung maturity
Term
3 functions of amniotic fluid
Definition

acts as cushion

thermoregulation

fetal movement

Term
This disease is associated with oligohydramnios
Definition
Potter's Syndrome
Term
What is the first major organ to develop?
Definition
heart
Term
At what week does the heart resemble an S shape?
Definition
4th
Term
At what week can you first hear fetal heart sounds?
Definition
4th
Term
At what week does the truncus arteriosus separate into the pulmonary artery and aorta?
Definition
6th
Term
The umbilical cord contains what?
Definition

2 umbilical arteries

1 umbilical vein

wharton's jelly

Term
Name each shunt and what they bypass
Definition

ductus venosus - liver

foramen ovale - lungs (via right atrium -> left atrium)

ductus arteriosus - lungs (via pulmonary art -> aorta)

 

Term
In the fetal circulation, what vessel has an 80% O2 saturation?
Definition
umbilical vein
Term
What are the symptoms of preeclampsia? (3)
Definition

elevated BP

proteinuria

edema

Term
What are 3 concerns for multiple gestations?
Definition

prematurity

placenta problems

cord problems

Term
Polyhydramnios is definied as abnormally large amounts of fluid, above ___ L.
Definition
2
Term
Maternal age becomes an issue when the mother is younger than ___ and older than ___.
Definition
16 and 40 years respectively
Term
What 3 ways will a baby be affected if there placental abruption?
Definition

decreased BP and HR

difficulty breathing

decreased O2 lvls

Term
Term for abnormally low implantation of placenta in uterus
Definition
placenta previa
Term
G4 P3 A0 L1
Definition

4 pregnancies

3 births

0 abortions

1 living child

Term
Increased lvl of what may indicate Rh incompatibility?
Definition
bilirubin concentration
Term
Increased creatinine lvls indicate what?
Definition
fetal maturity
Term
Normal fetal heart rate?
Definition
120 to 160 bpm
Term
If fetal heart rate decreases at the same time of uterine contraction and then returns to normal between contractions, it is considered a type ___ deceleration.
Definition
1
Term
Type 1 Deceleration in fetal heart rate is thought to be from what?
Definition
stimulation of vagus nerve from squeezing of head
Term
If fetal heart rate decreases after onset of contractions and then returns to normal after contractions end, it is a type ___ deceleration.
Definition
2
Term
Type 2 deceleration in fetal heart rate is caused by what?
Definition
asphyxia
Term
If there is no correlation between contraction and decrease in fetal heart rate, it is a type ___ decleration.
Definition
3
Term
Type 3 deceleration in fetal heart rate is usually the result of what?
Definition
compression of umbilical cord
Term
Elevated lvls of alpha fetoprotein in maternal serum levels indicate what?
Definition
neural tube defects
Term
What is the normal fetal scalp pH range?
Definition
7.35 (at beginning of labor) to 7.25 (at 2nd stage of labor)
Term
What fetal scalp pH indicates slight asphyxia?
Definition
7.24 to 7.20
Term
What fetal scalp pH indicates severe asphyxia?
Definition
< 7.20
Term
What is the dosage for betamethasone?
Definition
two 12 mg intramuscular injections, 24 hrs apart
Term
What is the dosage for dexamethasone?
Definition
four 6 mg doses every 12 hours
Term
Terbutaline sulfate and ritodrine are used for what?
Definition
relaxes smooth muscle contractions
Term
Magnesium sulfate does what to uterine contractions?
Definition
stops
Term
Indomethacin (Indocin) does what to uterine contractions?
Definition
slows
Term
What fraction of fetal lung fluid is removed by squeezing during vaginal delivery? Absorbed by lymphatic system?
Definition
1/3 and 2/3 respectively
Term
What negative intrathoracic pressures are generated with an infant's first breath? (values)
Definition
-80 to -100 cm H2O
Term
What are the 3 factors for the initiation of breathing in a newborn?
Definition

asphyxia

recoil of the thorax

environmental changes

Term
What shunt closes within 3-7 days of birth and forms the ligamentum venosum?
Definition
ductus venosus
Term
What is another name for RDS?
Definition
hyaline membrane disease
Term
What neonatal pulmonary disorder is most common in white males?
Definition
RDS
Term
What are the etiologies of RDS? (2)
Definition

pulmonary surfactant deficiency

structually immature lungs

Term
A newborn is premature and shows signs of tachypnea, seesaw breathing, and nasal flaring. He has decreased breath sounds and fine inspiratory crackles. CXR shows air bronchograms. What is the diagnosis?
Definition
RDS
Term
At what stage of RDS can you see a diffuse reticulogranular pattern and a slightly enlarged heart in the CXR?
Definition
1
Term
At what stage of RDS can you first see air bronchograms in the CXR?
Definition
2
Term
At what stage of RDS can you see an increase in density and air bronchograms beyond the heart border?
Definition
3
Term
What neonatal pulmonary disorder is an obstructive disease resulting from delayed absorption of fetal lung fluid?
Definition
TTN
Term
A CXR has perihilar streaking, pulmonary vascular congestion, interlobular fissures, hyperinflation, and a flattened diaphragm. The possible diagnosis?
Definition
TTN
Term
Meconium aspiration syndrome has two effects. They are?
Definition

partial or total obstruction of airways

chemical pneumonitis

Term
Describe the best procedure done to a nonvigorous newborn who has MAS.
Definition

intubate w/ meconium aspirator

suction and pull tube out

reintubate until clear or until baby can't handle

Term
What is the most common characteristic of PPHN?
Definition
return to fetal circulation due to increased PVR
Term
What are the three types of PPHN?
Definition

vascular spasm

increased muscle wall thickness

decreased cross-sectional area of vasculature

Term
Which of the 3 types of PPHN has the best prognosis?
Definition
vascular spasm
Term
4 ways to diagnosis PPHN
Definition

hyperoxia test

hyperoxia - hyperventilation test

preductal - postductal PaO2 comparison

cardiac ultrasound

Term
What organism is the primary cause of pneumonia in newborns?
Definition
group B strep
Term
What are the predisposing factors of pneumonia in a newborn? (4)
Definition

PROM

prematurity

nosocomial infections

mom's peck peck owned by pathogens

Term
Neonates can acquire pneumonia via these three routes.
Definition

transplacental

perinatal

postnatal

Term
What is the most common cause of pneumonia acquired through the transplacental route?
Definition
viral infection
Term
What broad spectrum antibiotics do you give a newborn with pneumonia?
Definition
ampicillin and gentamicin
Term
Apnea is defined as what (2 factors)
Definition

greater than 20 seconds

respiratory pause long enough for signs of bradycardia or cyanosis

Term
What is the difference between primary and secondary apnea?
Definition

episodes of primary apnea respond to tactile stim

episodes of seondary respond to pos pres vent

Term
Etiologies for BPD/CLD (3)
Definition

prematurity

oxygen toxicity

barotrauma/volutrauma

Term
2 contributing factors of BPD and CLD?
Definition
PDA and CHF
Term
What stage of BPD do you see a ground glass appearance on the CXR?
Definition
1
Term
What stage of BPD do you see hyaline membrane formations and lung opacities on the CXR?
Definition
2
Term
What stage of BPD do you see small cystic changes and the flattening of the diaphragm (slightly) on the CXR?
Definition
3
Term
What stage of BPD do you start to see atelectasis on the CXR?
Definition
4
Term
What does dexamethasone do for BPD/CLD?
Definition

improves lung mechanics and gas exchange

reduces lung inflammation

Term
In this air leak syndrome, air is trapped in the interstitium of the lung.
Definition
pulmonary interstitial emphysema
Term
In this air leak syndrome, air dissects into the mediastinum along the perivascular and peribronchial space.
Definition
pneumomediastinum
Term
In this air leak syndrome, medial air ruptures into the pleural space and the lung collapses under pressure.
Definition
tension pneumothorax
Term
In this air leak syndrome, air enters the pericardial space.
Definition
pneumopericardium
Term
What 2 ways can you use to diagnosis air leak syndrome?
Definition

CXR

transillumination

Term
Another name for retinopathy of prematurity.
Definition
retrolental fibroplasia
Term
3 factors that contribute to retinopathy of prematurity.
Definition

lengthy exposure to O2

retinovascular immaturity

circulatory and resp instability

Term
Considering intraventricular hemorrhage, the most common location of bleeding is in the?
Definition
germinal matrix
Term
What is the primary risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis?
Definition
prematurity
Term
What are two cyanotic congenital heart defects?
Definition

transposition of the great arteries

tetralogy of fallot

Term
Tetralogy of fallot is comprised of what factors? (4)
Definition

pulmonary stenosis

ventricular septal defect

dextroposition aorta

RVH

Term
This acyanotic congenital heart defect is the most common and results in left to right shunt and CHF.
Definition
ventricular septal defect
Term
This acyanotic congenital heart defect is the result of incomplete closure of the foramen ovale.
Definition
atrial septal defect
Term
This acyanotic congenital heart defect typically occurs in premature infants and may act as right to left or left to right shunt depending on SVR and PVR.
Definition
patent ductus arteriosus
Term
Term for herniation of the intestines into the thorax.
Definition
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Term
Can you use pos pres ventilation by bag mask on a newborn with congenital diaphragmatic hernia?
Definition
NOOOOOOOOOOOOO!
Term
Considering tracheoesophageal fistulas, VATER stands for what?
Definition

vertebral anomalies

imperforate anus

TE fistula

renal or radial anomalies

Term
Considering tracheoesophageal fistulas, what does VACTERL stand for?
Definition

vertebral anomalies

imperforate anus

cardiac anomalies

TE fistula

renal and limb anomalies

Term
In this disease, the newborn has a small jaw in comparison to the tongue (which obstructs the airway).
Definition
Pierre-Robin Syndrome
Term
Choanal atresia can result from 3 factors
Definition

choanal stenosis

bony septum

complete membrane obstructing nasal passage

Term
3 treatments for choanal atresia?
Definition

use of oral airway

intubation

surgical intervention

Term
Term for herniation of abdominal viscera into umbilical cord covered by a perinatal sac.
Definition
omphalocele
Term
Term for herniation of abdominal viscera into umbilical cord w/o covering of perinatal sac.
Definition
gastroschisis
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