What are the four tissues of the periodontioum?

List and describe.

1. Gingiva- The tissue that covers the cervical portions of the teeth and the alveolar processes of the jaws.

2. Periodontal Ligament (PDL)- The fibers that surround the root of the tooth. These fibers attach to the bone of the socket on one side and to the cementum of the root on the other side.

3. Cementum- The thin layer of mineralized tissue that covers the roots of the tooth.

4. Alveolar Bone- The bone that surrounds the roots of the teeth.  It forms the bony sockets that support & protect the roots of the teeth. 

• Provides a tissue seal around the cervical portion of the tooth.

• Holds tissue against the tooth during mastication.

• Made of a thin outer layer of epithelium and an underlying core of connective tissue.

• Suspends & maintains the tooth in the socket

• Provides pressure & pain sensory feeling to the tooth

 Provides nutrients to the cementum & bone

• Builds & maintains the cementum & alveolar bone of the tooth socket

 • Remodels the alveolar bone in response to pressure

• It surrounds & supports the roots of the teeth in the jaws.

• Existance of alveolar bone is dependant on the presence of teeth. 

- Extractions lead to resorption of the alveolar bone "around" the missing tooth.

-Anatomic area of the gingiva in the oral cavity.

• Locatted coronal to the CEJ

• Surrounds the tooth like a turtleneck

• Fits snugly around the tooth but isn't attached

• Can be gently pulled away from the tooth with a probe

• Forms soft tissue wall of the gingival sulcus

• Meets the tooth in a thin, rounded edge called the gingival margin.

• The margin of the free gingiva follows the contours of the teeth, creating a wavy outline. 

- Anatomic area of the gingiva in the oral cavity

• Is the space between the free gingiva and the tooth surface. 

• The base of the sulcus is formed by the junctional epithelium

• The depth of a clinically normal sulcus is 1-3 mm, as measured by a probe. 

- Anatomic area of the gingiva in the oral cavity

• It is the portion of gingiva that fills the area between two adjacent teeth apical to the contact area. 

• It consists of 2 interdental papillae: facial & lingual.

• Col is a valleylike depression in the interdental gingiva that lies directly apical to the contact area.

• The col is absent if teeth are missing or recession is present.

Anatomic area of gingiva in the oral cavity.

• It is located between the free gingiva and the alveolar mucosa.

* Is widest in the incisor & molar reigons*

*It is narrowest in the premolar reigons*

 • The color is pale or pink.

• It may be pigmented.  (more frequently in dark-skinned ppl; color ranges from light brown-black)

• Attached gingiva of the palate- lingual gingiva is continuous w/ the palatal mucosa.

* The attached gingiva is NOT measured on palate because it is difficult to distinguish it from the palatal mucosa.

• Prevents free gingiva from being pulled away from the tooth when tension is applied to the alveolar mucosa.

• Allows gingival tissue to withstand mechanical forces created during chewing, speaking, & toothbrushing.

• Stippling is caused by the connective tissue fibers that attach the gingival tissue to the cementum & bone. 

• Alveolar bone proper (cribiform plate)

• Cortical bone

• Cancellous bone (spongy bone)

• Periosteum

• Alveolus- bony socket that houses the root of the tooth.

• Appears to have large pores where blood vessels connect structures.

• Ends of PDL fibers are embedded in the alveolar bone proper.

• Forms the hard outer wall of the jaws on the facial and the lingual aspects.

• Surrounds the alveolar bone proper and gives support to the socket.

• Doesn't show up on radiographs

• Alveolar crest most coronal portion of the cortical bone.

• Spongy, latticelike bone filler between the cortical bone & the alveolar bone proper.

• Oriented around the tooth to form support for the alveolar bone proper.

• Begins with the External Carotid Artery (ECA)

• Maxillary Artery is a branch of the ECA

• All other arteries that supply the periodontum of both maxillary & mandibular teeth.

Major Arteries (Branches of the Maxillary Artery)

1. Superior alveolar arteries

• Maxillary periodontal tissues

2. Inferior alveolar arteries

• Mandibular periodontal tissues

• Maxillary gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone

- Anterior and posterior alveolar arteries

- Infraorbital artery

- Greater palantine artery

- All are branches of the maxillary artery

• Mandibular gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone

- Inferior alveolar artery

- Branches of inferior alveolar artery

• Buccal, facial, mental, & sublingual arteries

• All are branches of the maxillary artery

1. Dental Artery

• Branch of superior or inferior alveolar artery

• Supplies the individual teeth

2. Intraseptal Artery

• Bone marrow spaces between the teeth

3. Rami Perforantes

• Terminal branchs of interspetal artery enter tooth socket, go into PDL space, and anastomose (join together) vessels from bone & ligament

4. Supraperiostal blood vessels

• In free gingiva, anastomose w/ vessels from bone & ligament

5. Subepithelial plexus

• Branches of supraperiostal vessels located in conective tissue under attached gingiva

6. Periodontal Ligament vessels

• Supply PDL, form complex network of vessels surrounding roots. 

7. Dentogingival Plexus

• Network of vessels located in connective tissue under gingival sulcus.