Term
| Can you list the structures of the PNS? |
|
Definition
| Any nervous structure outside of the brain and spinal cord. This includes receptors, nerves and ganglia and motor endings. |
|
|
Term
| Do you know the general function of the PNS? |
|
Definition
| Information highway- receptors are activated by stimuli and that information travels toward the brain and spinal cord. Motor information for an effector organ will travel out along nerves in the periphery as well. |
|
|
Term
| What are the structures in the PNS specialized to respond to? |
|
Definition
| Stimuli, such as changes in temperature, pressure, pH, chemicals, itch, pain, light, sound waves... |
|
|
Term
| Do you know where perception of stimuli occurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you list and describe the classification of receptors in the PNS by stimulus type? |
|
Definition
Type:
a. Mechanoreceptors- activated by pressure
b. Photoreceptors- activated by light
c. Chemoreceptors- activated by chemicals
d. Thermoreceptors- activated by change in temperature
e. Nociceptors- can be any of the above types, but are only activated by EXCESS stimulus and is interpreted by the brain as pain. |
|
|
Term
| Can you list and describe the classification of receptors in the PNS by location? |
|
Definition
Type:
a. Exteroceptors- close to the skin and respond to stimuli outside the body (externa; stimuli)
b. Interoceptor- deep within tissue and respond to internal stimuli
i. One type is referred to proprioceptors, which are interoceptors that are found in the joints, skeletal muscles, skin and bone coverings and give information regarding the body's position |
|
|
Term
| Can you list the different types of sensations? |
|
Definition
| Pressure (touch, itch, vibration..), temperature, light, chemicals (smell, taste, on the skin, within the body...) |
|
|
Term
Can you list and describe the classification of receptors in the PNS by structural complexity?
a. Which of these are our special senses? |
|
Definition
Type:
a. simple receptors- include encapsulated and unencapsulated types. Activated by general sensory stimuli (temperature, pain, itch, pressure)
b. complex receptors- these receptors have complex structures and respond to light, chemicals for smell and taste, sound waves and movements of the head for equilibrium.
c. special senses are complex classifaction. |
|
|
Term
| Do you know the difference between simple unencapsulated and encapsulated receptors? |
|
Definition
Encapsulated receptors have CT capsule over the receptor.
Unencapsulated does not. |
|
|
Term
| Can you describe the structure of a nerve? |
|
Definition
| Many axons traveling to a similar destination, wrapped in CT sheaths. |
|
|
Term
| Can you list and describe the connective tissue sheaths associated with a nerve? |
|
Definition
Sheaths:
a. Endoneurim- CT sheath around each axon (fiber)
b. Perineurium- CT sheath that holds fibers together in bundles called fassicles
c. Epineurium- CT around the entire nerve |
|
|
Term
Can you describe what sensory and motor nerves are?
What classification of nerve is most of the nerves in our body? |
|
Definition
Sensory nerves are composed of axons traveling afferently, and motor nerves are composed of axons traveling efferently.
Most nerves in our body are "mixed", meaning they carry both types of axons. The only nerves that are sensory only or motor only are a few of the cranial nerves. |
|
|
Term
| Can you list and describe the 4 possible types of nerve fibers? |
|
Definition
- Visceral Sensory
- Somatic Sensory
- Visceral Motor
- Sensory Motor
|
|
|
Term
Do you know how many cranial nerves have parasympathetic function?
Do you know how many don't? |
|
Definition
4 cranial nerves have parasympathetic function.
8 don't. |
|
|
Term
Do you know how many spinal nerve pairs there are?
Do you know how they are numbered? |
|
Definition
31
C1-C7 are names for the vertebra below them and T1-S5 are named for the vertabra above them. |
|
|
Term
| Can you list how many spinal nerve pairs are in each of the 5 regions of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
Regions:
a. Cervical- 8
b. Thoracic- 12
c. Lumbar- 5
d. Sacral- 5
e. Coccygeal- 1 |
|
|
Term
| Can you describe where nerves enter and exit the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Through the intervertebral foramen |
|
|
Term
Can you describe the following:
a. Dorsal Root
b. Ventral Root
c. Spinal Nerve
d. Distal rami |
|
Definition
Definitions:
a. Dorsal Root- axon fibers that carry sensory information and enters the cord posteriorly.
b. Ventral Root- axon fibers that carry motor information and leaves the cord anteriorly.
c. Spinal Nerve- mixed nerve that is formed from the joining of the dorsal and ventral roots.
d. Distal Rami- branches of the spinal nerve to the periphery |
|
|
Term
Can you name the 4 distal rami and briefly describe the parts of the body they innervate (means: to supply electric impulses to)? |
|
Definition
Rami-
a. Dorsal ramus- supplies the posterior back muscles and skin.
b. Ventral ramus- supplies the lateral and anterior thorax and abdomen
c. Rami communicantes- travels vertically through the thorax and carries autonomic information
d. Meningeal branch- returns through the intervertebral foramen and innervates the tissues around the spinal cord in the vertebral canal |
|
|
Term
| Do you know which spinal nerves do NOT participate ib nerve plexuses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you define nerve plexus? |
|
Definition
| A network of nerves formed from the interlacing of ventral rami branches. |
|
|
Term
Can you lis the 4 plexuses and describe what parts of the bodu they innervate?
a. Can you determine which plexus each of the following nerve belongs to?
i. Sciatic
ii. Phrenic |
|
Definition
Plexuses:
a. Cervical- neck, nack of head, shoulders and ear region.
b. Brachial- upper limb.
c. Lumbar- hips and medial thigh.
d. Sacral- lower limb.
e. Nerves-
i. Sciatic- Scral
ii. Phrenic- Cervical |
|
|
Term
| Can you define "dermatome"? |
|
Definition
| An area of skin innervated bt the same spinal nerve pair. |
|
|
