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| peripheral nervous system |
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| provides links from and to the world outside the body; all neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord |
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| towards the brain; sensory |
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| specialized to respond to changes in environment |
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| the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment |
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| the conscious interpretation of those stimuli |
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| receptor that responds to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch |
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| receptor that is sensitive to changes in temperature; cold receptors (10-40) in superficial dermis, heat receptors (32-48) in deeper dermis; outside these ranges the nociceptors are activated (pain) |
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| receptor that respond to light energy |
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| receptors that respond to chemicals (smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry) |
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| receptors that are sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (e.g. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals); player in detection (vanilloid receptor) iron channel opened by heat, low pH, chemicals; respond to-pinching, chemicals from damaged tissue, capsaicin (red peppers) |
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| receptors that respond to stimuli arising outside the body; receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature; most special sense organs |
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| receptor that responds to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels; sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature change; sometimes cause discomfort but usually unaware of their workings |
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| receptors that respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles; inform brain of one's movements |
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| tactile sensations (touch, pressure, stretch, vibration), temperature, pain, and muscle sense; modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons |
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| vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste |
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| to produce a sensation; receptors have specificity for stimulus energy, stimulus must be applied in receptive field; transduction occurs; graded potentials must reach threshold->action potential |
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| recptors that are fast-adapting; working when the stimulus changes but then quiet down |
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| receptors that adapt slowly or not at all |
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| pathways of three neurons conduct sensory impulses upward to appropriate cortical regions |
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| interpretation of sensory input depends on specific location of target neurons in sensory cortex |
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| aspect of sensory perception that has the ability to detect a stimulus (requires summation of impulses) |
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| aspect of sensory perception that has intensity coded in frequency of impulses |
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| aspect of sensory perception that identifies site or pattern of stimulus (studied by two-point discrimination test) |
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| aspect of sensory perception; identification of more complex aspects and several stimulus properties |
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| aspect of sensory perception; ability to identify submodalities of sensation (e.g. sweet or sour tastes) |
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| aspect of sensory perception; recognition of familiar or significant patterns in stimuli (e.g. melody in piece of music) |
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| felt as vague aching, gnawing, burning; activated by tissue stretching, ischemia, chemicals, muscle spasms |
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| pain from one body region perceived from different region |
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| twelve pairs of nerves associated with the brain; two attach to forebrain; rest with brain stem |
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| cranial nerve; sensory nerves of smell; run from nasal mucosa to olfactory bulbs |
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| cranial nerve; arise from retinas; really a brain tract; purely sensory (visual) function; pass through optic canals, converge and partially cross over at optic chiasma |
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| cranial nerve; fibers extend from ventral midbrain through superior obital fissures to four to six extrinsic eye muscles; function in raising eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris, and controlling lens shape |
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| cranial nerve; fibers from dorsal midbrain enter orbits via superior orbital fissures to innervate superior oblique muscle; primarily motor nerve that directs eyeball |
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| cranial nerve; largest cranial nerves; fibers extend from pons to face; three divisions (opthalamic, maxillary, mandibular); convery sensory impulses from various areas of the face; supply motor fibers for mastication |
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| cranial nerve; fibers from inferior pons enter orbits via superior orbital fissures; primary motor, innervating later rectus muscle |
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| cranial nerve; fibers from pons travel through internal acoustic meastuses, and emerge through stylomastoid foramina to later aspect of face; chief motor nerves of face with 5 major branches; motor function are facial expressions, parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands; sensory function (taste) fro anterior two-thirds of tongue |
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| cranial nerve; mostly sensory function; small motors component for adjustment of sensitivity of receptors; formerly auditory nerve |
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| cranial nerve; motor functions innervate part of tongue and pharynx for swallowing, and provide parasympathetic fibers to parotid salivary glands; sensory function fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from parynx and posterior tongue, and impulses from carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors |
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| cranial nerve; only cranial nerves that extend beyond head and neck region; fibers fro medulla exit skull via jugular foramen; most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that help regulate activities of heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera; sensory fibers carry impulses from thoriacic and abdominal viscera, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and taste buds of posterior tongue and pharynx |
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| cranial nerve; formed from ventral rootlets and C1-C5 of spinal cord (not brain); rootlets pass into cranium via each foramen magnum; accessory nerves exit skull via jugular foramina to innervate trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles; formerly spinal accessory nerve |
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| cranial nerve; fibers from medullar exit via hypoglossal canal; innervate extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue that contribute to swallowing and speech |
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| 31 pairs of mixed nerves named for point of issue from spinal cord; supply all body parts but head and part of neck |
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| spinal nerves: contain motor information |
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| spinal nerves: contain sensory information |
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| area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal nerve; all spinal nerves except C1 |
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| inborn (intrinsic) reflex |
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| rapid, involuntary predictable motor response to stumulus |
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| component of a reflex arc; site of stimulus action |
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| learned (acquired) reflexes |
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| reflexes from result from practice or repetition; ex. driving skills |
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| component of a reflex arc; transmits afferent impulses to CNS |
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| component of a reflex arc; either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within CNS |
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| component of a reflex arc; conducts efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ |
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| component of a reflex arc; muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting |
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| stretch and tendon reflexes |
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| reflexes that smoothly coordinate skeletal muscle nervous system must recieve proprioceptor input regarding length of muscle and amount of tension in muscle |
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| functional anatomy of muscle spindles; composed of 3-10 modified skeletal muscle fibers wrapped in connective tissue |
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| functional anatomy of muscle spindles; effector fibers |
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| tell muscle fibers to contract |
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| tell spindles to contract |
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| maintain muscle tone in large postural muscles, and adjusts it reflexively |
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| helps prevent damage due to excessive tension; important for smooth onset and termination of muscle contraction |
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| initiated by painful stimulus; causes automatic withdrawal of threatened body part |
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| occurs with flexor reflexes in weight-bearing limbs to maintain balance |
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