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| Kurt Lewin's formula that proposes that Behavior is a function of Personality and Environment |
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| principles of natural science could explain behavior of humans and their thoughts>> Influenced Freud Greatly in forming his thoeries |
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| Freud saw the mind as a part of the body which is a complete energy system. Mental Energy comes from overall physical energies of the body |
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| Release and Freeing of emotions by talking about one's problems "get something off your chest" |
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| Allowing all thoughts to come forwards w/o inhibition or falsification |
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| Freud analysed himself and his personal experiences to help formutate his theories. Analysed dreams.. relationships |
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| "great resevoir" seeks release of excitation or tension>> no morals. primary drives>> like baby who needs and knows no morals |
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| What the id reacts upon. Id persues gratification and avoids pain |
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| The Thinking of the Unconscious. Illogical and Irrational. Reality and Fantasy are indistinguishable |
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| Inherited Instinctual Drives for self preservation, reproduction and sexual pleasure. Libido primary drive. |
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Opposite of Life Instinct Can be directed as Agressiveness towards others>>> Explains Suicide>> Organism's drive to move to a state of Calmness>>Death |
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| Lies in States of excitation within the body (excitation seeks expression and tension reduction) |
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| The Energy of Life Instinct |
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| Works with reality to maximize gratification or satisfaction of the Id according to the guidelines set by the Super Ego |
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| Language of the Unconscious, reality testing and Logic... it parallels the development of the Ego and Super Ego |
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| The Id may be blocked gradually with the Super-Ego in Mind. Gratification may be delayed until it can attain maximum pleasure with the least amout of consequences |
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Civilization and Its Discontents
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| Freud Justifying the male perspective |
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| Social Guidelines and Role Model of one's self. Seeks Perfection and Guides the Ego |
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| A punishment of the Super-Ego for choice made by the Ego.. it can also reward |
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| Child Cookie Jar Metaphor |
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| If he eats cookies he can go out and play.. which has a greater outcome cookies vs. play.. like ego working?? development of ego/superego |
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| painful Emotional experience that signals the Ego to danger//reps a threat of danger to the person |
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| Constant Thought in one's mind at any given moment |
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| Contents of mind that one could easily become aware of ie. your phone number |
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| Part of mind that we are unaware of unless under special circumstances |
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| Regression, Denial, Undoing, Reaction Formation, Projection, Rationalization, Isolation, and Sublimation |
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| Principle defense.. thought unconciously buried in the unconscious |
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| Arguing against an anxiety by denying it exists. Denying an event took place.. ie. setting the table for a spose even after she is dead. |
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| doing the opposite of a previous action. Praising someone after previously yelling at them. |
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| – Express the opposite of your UCS wishes [Be very nice to someone you dislike] |
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| Reduce anxiety by taking up the opposite behavior.. Acting really nice to someone whom you hate |
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Projecting one's own negative aspect onto someone else. accusing wife is cheating when you really are – Attribute own unacceptable thoughts/acts to innocent others [Boyfriend accuses you of cheating |
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Trying to justify actions made by the ego Avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on logical or rational reason as opposed to the real aspects. |
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| Feeling is "isolated" from an action. Disecting a cadaver w/o thinking morbid thoughts |
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| Channeling a drive into a goal or success.. ie channeling agressiveness into boxing lessions or job as surgeon |
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| Problem with Defense Mechanisms |
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| They distort reality. Only work temorarily to disguise anxiety.. sublimination best mechanism |
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| 0-18mths. Focus is centered around mouth: Breast feeding thumb sucking |
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Pushing into the unconscious
[tension pushed down-> act out unconsciously]
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| – Reverting to a developmentally earlier stage of development [throw a temper tantrum] |
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| – Express unacceptable impulses to an acceptable (but innocent) object [angry at boss->yell at kids] |
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| 18-36 mths Anus structure developed:Superego primary concern:Control & release |
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| 3-6yrs Phallus development:Superego Mian concern:Incestuous sexuality |
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| 6 to puberty.. no feelings of sexual desire |
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Puberty-adulthood. focused area genitals. cognitive structure: Ego. Primary Concern: Mature Sexuality |
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| Ways to assess patients according to Freudian theory |
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| Patient interprets the image and projects their unconscious on the image |
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| Thematic Apperception Test. Patient make sup a story and projects his unconscious onto the story line |
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| Life Record Data- data that can be obtained from the persons life history or life record.. grades |
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| Observable data.. provided by knowledgeable observers such as parents friends.. as few as 1 person can confirm this and you can check for similarities among observers |
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| Testable data: information from test or expiramental data |
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| Self report data: What patient tells you.. obtained many times by a questionairre |
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| Fixed or ways of measuring personality in the same way to several individuals |
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| Flexible technique of assessment that are tailored to particular individuals |
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| replicatable, consistency |
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| observations must be reliable and valid>> valid mean the exten to which observations actually reflect the phenomena of interest in a given study |
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| characteristics that account for consistent patterns of experience and action |
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| Motivational Aspects of Personality(drives?social?inferiority?) |
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| Unit of Analysis of Personality |
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| Lower level traits make up higher level ones and the Type |
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| Into/extrovert bigger conceptual qualities of personality |
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| Theories function as.. (metaphor) |
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| Tool Kits.. pull a little bit of info from each like theoretical concepts and research methods |
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| LOTS:Liferecord,Observerdata,Testdata,Selfreport |
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| What makes a good hypothesis? |
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| Repeatable Observable and Testable |
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| Give rise to testable hypothesis and predictions |
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| What did Klyde Kluckhohn and Henry Murray State? |
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| All men are like a)all other men b)some other men and d)no other men |
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| Numerical Index that summerizes the degree to which two variables are related linearly |
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| Process in which existing individual differences are measured and related to one another , rather than being manipulated as in expiramental research |
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| cues that are implicit (hidden) in the expiramental setting and influence the subject's behavior |
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| Influenced freud with mechanism |
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| How did Freud view Dreams? |
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dreams display that unconscious contains thoughts that differ from the conscious Manifest content: story line Latent Content: feelings ideas emotions that are manifested in the storyline Freud thought the latent content consisted of unconscious wishes and the manifest is the wish fufillment |
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| Cognitive vs Psychoanalytic View of the Unconscious |
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| Cognitive suggests a more ration less "wet and sex driven" kinder type of psychology. It contains some unmotivated processes such as the automatic task of tying one's shoe or typeing on a keyboard |
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| 2 Important aspects of a mysterious psychologic agency (ego) that was inadequate for the Unconscious, Preconscious and counscious theories observed by Freud |
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| 1)Unitary in its functions: did a single type of thing in a clear and consistent manner. 2)It varied in its degree of consciousness: acted consciously and other times it functioned unconsciously |
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| no morals simple gratification or the Pleasure Principle |
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| What does the ego operate by? |
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| opperated according to the Reality Principle: acts in reality of the maximum amount of pleasure with the least amount of pain or consequences |
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| id;pleasure principle <as> ego;XX |
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Freud view of mental energy is purely X. In his psycholanalytic theory the source of all psychic energy lies in X within in the X. These X's are called X. |
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| Biological,states of excitation,body, (state), drives/instincts |
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| Freud's 2 theories about Anxiety |
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1)result of damned up libido 2)anxiety acted as a signal of impending danger to the ego: anxiety(as an ego function) alerts ego so it can function |
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| is a philosophy that states that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only come from positive affirmation of theories through strict scientific method. Spang up in Vienna |
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| Distort Reality too not feel anxious>> functions carried out by the ego to cope with socially unacceptable impulses of the id |
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| what defense mechanism play a part in all others? |
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| Repression>> pushing back (or burying) thoughts into the unconscious |
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| order of psychosexual stages |
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| Oral(0-18months)Anal(18-36)Phallic(3-6/Oedipal;Castration anxiety)Latency(6-puberty)Genital(puberty-) |
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| a repitition of themes established during the early developmental stages |
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| What is primary process and an example of it |
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| Unlogical thought from the unconscious. no distinction from reality and fantasy>> why little kids can't formulate locigal arguments... or us being scared of nightmares |
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| Language of the consciousness, reality testing and logic |
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| Why don't projective tests work well? |
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Not simple scantron... Interpretation that be affected by the bias of the psychologist May not be revealing of patient's thinking |
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| Jung Primary reason for Split (specific) |
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| The reinterpretation of Libido.. Viewed the libido not as a sexual instinct but as a genralized life energy. although sexuality is a part of this basic energy, the libido also includes strivings for pleasure and creativity |
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| at any developmental stage a person may encounter a failure in the development of the instincts.. these failure are called fixations.. cause by either too much or too little gratification |
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| Involves themes of taking into,towards, and for oneself. Demanding, Impatient, envious, covetous, jealous, rageful,depressed, mistrtustful |
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| Release of excrement>> and interpersonal relations(first encounter with ego) Anal triad>cleanliness, stinginess, and power control. Rigid striving for power, pleasure and possessions, anxiety over waste and loss of control, concern with whether to submit or rebel |
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Male: exhibitionistic, competitive, striving for success, emphasis on being macho/masculine Female: naive, seductive, exhibitionistic flirtatious |
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| Psychopathology results from..(according to Psychoanalytic theory) |
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individuals efforts to gratify instincts that were fixated at an earlier stage of development. Seeks sexual and agressive gratification in infantile forms |
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| Problem faced by Psychopaths |
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| potential gratification is associated with past trauma.. A given desire and potential is associated with both pleasure and pain |
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| The energy associated with with the unconscious sexual or aggressive drives may express itself in a symptom>> one case a Tic or temporary paralysis or compulsion as a disguised repression of a repressed impulse |
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| Transfers attitudes of parents onto the analysist>> analysist becomes the parent figure under more favorable situations |
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| attained when patient develops relationsship with analysist and play out their old conflicts and deal with their conflicts anew |
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| 3 reasons why Transference works |
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| 1) analysist plays a better role as parental figure 2)conflict is less intense 3) patient is more mature and is able to use ego to cope and deal with the conflict |
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| How was Adler diff from Freud? |
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| Les emphasis on instinctual sexual urges and more emphasis on social urges and conscious thoughts. Inferiorities and compensation his main theory |
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| How were Adler and Jung similar? |
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| They were both early important followers of Freud. Both presidents of Pschy Societies (Jung-pres of International Psychoanalytic Society//Adler- pres of Vienna Psychoanalytic Society) both split with Freud on what they felt was an over emphasis on the sexual instincts |
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| Universal inherited aspect of human nature>> includes archetypes |
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| Jung felt Frued overemphasized the idea that our X is a X of the past |
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| current behavior, mere repitition... Instead Jung felt our personality has a forward-moving trend |
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| What 3 factors changed Horney's theory? |
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| 1)the role culture played in the development of gender identity 2) association with another psychoanalysist, Erich Fromm, who drew her attention to cultural influences 3) She moved to the States where she saw differences in personality structure b/t US and Euro patients |
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| According to Horney, Interpersonal relationships are at the core of all... |
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| healthy and disturbed personality functioning. |
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Horney's theory of Neurosis |
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| In the neurotic person there is conflict among three ways of responding to basic anxiety (toward,against,away from people) |
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| Male bias in Psychology.. womb envy... women envious of power that comes from having a penis |
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| A person attempts to deal with anxiety with excessive interest in being accepted needed and approved of... accepts dependent role in the relationship and becomes unselfish, undemandingand self-sacrificing>> requires unlimited affection in return |
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| person assumes that everyone is hostile and that life is a struggle against all>> >> deny need for others, and appearance of being tough |
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| Person Shrinks away from others into nuerotic detachment to not get emotionally attached with others. |
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• Psychology is post-positivist and its methods are empirical postpositivists believe that human knowledge is not based on unchallengeable, rock-solid foundations; it is conjectural. But they think we do have real grounds, or warrants, for asserting these beliefs or conjectures, although these warrants can be modified or withdrawn in the light of further investigation. |
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| • All human psychological evolution is related to biology and physical chemistry |
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