Term
| Administration Routes (Oral) |
|
Definition
Oral --> Gastrointestinal Tract --> Excretion |
|
|
Term
| Administration Routes (Intravenous) |
|
Definition
Intravenous Injection --> Circulatory Systems --> Excretion |
|
|
Term
| Administration Routes (Intramuscular) |
|
Definition
I.M Injection --> Tissues --> Metabolic Sites --> Excretion |
|
|
Term
Administration Routes (S.Q Injection)
|
|
Definition
S.Q Injection --> Tissues --> Metabolic Sites --> Excretion |
|
|
Term
Administration Routes which avoid first-pass effect |
|
Definition
- Muscosal Delivery - Ocular delivery - Nasal delivery - Pulmonary delivery - Buccal sublingual gingival - Rectal delivery - Vaginal delivery |
|
|
Term
| Administration Routes which do NOT avoid first-pass effects |
|
Definition
- Transdermal delivery - Oral Delivery (swallowing tablets or capsules) |
|
|
Term
| Routes of Administration (Definitions) |
|
Definition
Oral - By mouth Parenteral - Other than gastrointestinal tract (by injection) Transdermal - Directly into skin surface Intranasal - Nose Intrarespiratory - Lung Rectal - Rectum Vaginal - Vagina |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Oral Dosage Forms |
|
Definition
- Tablets - Capsules - Solutions - Syrups - Elixirs - Suspensions - Magmas - Gels - Powders |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Sublingual Dosage Forms |
|
Definition
- Tablets - Troches, Lozenges - Drops (solutions) |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Parenteral Dosage Forms |
|
Definition
- Solutions (IV injectable)
- Suspensions (You DON'T inject suspensions IV!)
|
|
|
Term
| Examples of Epicutaneous/Transdermal Dosage Forms |
|
Definition
- Ointments - Creams - Infusion pumps - Pastes - Plasters - Powders - Aerosols - Lotions - Transdermal patches, discs, solutions |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Conjunctival Dosage Forms |
|
Definition
- Contact lens inserts - Ointments |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Intranasal Dosage Forms |
|
Definition
- Solutions - Sprays - Inhalants - Ointments |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Intrarespiratory Dosage Forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of Rectal Dosage Forms |
|
Definition
- Solutions - Ointments - Suppositories |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Vaginal Dosage Forms |
|
Definition
- Solutions - Ointments - Emulsion Foams - Gels - Tablets - Inserts - Suppositories |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Urethral Dosage Forms |
|
Definition
- Solutions - Suppositories |
|
|
Term
| Bioavailability of different Dosage Forms |
|
Definition
- Intravenous at t=0 is 100% absorbed, decreases rather consistently from there. - Intramuscular at t=0 is about 50% absorbed, the rest continues to absorb for an hour, then decreases. - Oral dosage form at t=0 is 0% absorbed. In fact, it takes about 4 hours to fully absorb. The rate of it's absorption is greater than the rate of metabolism and excretion. - When curve is decreasing, rate of metabolism and excretion is faster than absorption. - Sublingual dosage form would look like IV. - Sustained released tablet/capsule would start at 0, slowly climb up, then plateau for hours. |
|
|
Term
| Pharmaceutical Equivalents |
|
Definition
- Products containing same amount of drug (or salt or ester) in same type of dossage form, but not necessarily containing same inactive ingredients. These are generics, bioequivalent and therapeutic equivalents
|
|
|
Term
| Pharmaceutical Alternatives |
|
Definition
- Products containing same drug, but not necessarily in same amount or dosage form or as same salt or ester. They are therapeutic equivalents; i.e two different salts. - Pharmaceutical equivalents are bioequivalent drug products. Some pharmaceutical alternatives maybe bioequivalent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Max concentration achieved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Time required to achieve max concentration |
|
|
Term
| Drugs in different formulations |
|
Definition
- Both drugs may reach the MEC (minimum effective concentration), but this isn't the only way to judge efficacy of drugs - MTC (Minimum toxic concentration) is a very important indicator. - An effective drugs is in between these two; it has more than enough concentration to be effective, but doesn't have a serum concentration so high that it's toxic |
|
|
Term
| Drug-Plasma Protein Binding |
|
Definition
a=Cb/(Cu+Cb)=Cb/Ct Cb = protein-bound drug concentration Cu= unbound drug concentration in plasma - Decrease in serum proteins (in elderly) and multiple prescriptions taken by elderly - Elderly also have a decrease in serum albumin, so now more free drug is flowing, so more chance for toxicity again! - As you age, rate of blood flow decreases, so blood flow to liver will decrease, so less metabolism, and so toxicity is reached very easily. - Most drugs will seen protein binding. |
|
|
Term
Advantages and Disadvantages of Oral and Buccal/Sublingual Dosage Forms ORAL |
|
Definition
Advantages - Convenient - Economical - Non-invasive - Requires no special training Disadvantages - Presystemic metabolism - incomplete/erratic delivery to the systemic circulation - Requires patient compliance - Increased potential for drug-drug and/or drug-nutrient (food) interactions - Drug Delivery to systemic circulation may be incomplete or erratic |
|
|
Term
Advantages Disadvantages or Oral and Buccal/Sublingual Dosage Forms BUCCAL/SUBLINGUAL DOSAGE FORMS |
|
Definition
Advantages - Convenient - Rapid Absorption - Avoids first-pass Disadvantages - Few Drugs are adequately absorbed - Patients must avoid swallowing; requires patient compliance |
|
|
Term
| Uses of Solid Oral Dosage Forms |
|
Definition
- To prevent drug degradation from atmosphere/humidity (eg., coated tablets/capsules) - To prevent drug degradation from gastric acid (eg., enteric-coated tablets/capsules) - To conceal bitter, salty or offensive taste or odor of drugs (eg., capsules, coated, tablets) - To provide rate-controlled drug delivery (eg., controlled-release tablets/capsules) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Powders are either a dry substance composed of finey divided particles or they may be a pharmaceutical preparation - Powders are used for reconstitution; to adjust the strength of a drug in a preparation; to prepare liquid, oral dosage form as well as to prepare semisolid preparations. - In a manufacturing setting, powders are used for blending material prior to filling during manufacture of the dosage form or directly compressed into tablets, or further processed via wet or dry granulation techniques followed by compression into tablet-form. |
|
|
Term
| Powders and Granules Part II |
|
Definition
- Granules are prepared agglomerates of powdered materials which can be used as such or they can be compressed into tablets. - Particle characteristics are critical in the pharmaceutical use of powders and granules - Particles with diamtere of 400-800 micrometeres generally, flow well. To imporove flow, glidants are usually added to the tablet-blend (eg., talc, starch, magnesium trisilicate are commonly used glidants). - Powders can be in the reange of 1-10 micrometers. Granules of 1mm, typically are used for making compressed tablets. |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for preparing granules |
|
Definition
- To prevent powder segregation - To improve flow properties of blend - To improve compaction/compression of blend - To reduce toxic dust of materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Lower Punch - Dye Cavity - Upper Cavity |
|
|
Term
Compressing Tablets Position 1 Position 2 Position 3 |
|
Definition
Upper punch is raised: lower punch has dropped Hopper Show has moved forward over die and granules fall to die Hopper shoe has moved back. Upper punch has come down compressing granules into tablet. |
|
|
