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Definition
| Stimulates all opioid receptors, used in severe pain; more effective IV; short half life; duration 4-6 hours; metabolized by CYP2D6 |
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Definition
| Strong analgesic that acts on all opioid receptors; effective for severe pain; more potent than morphine |
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Definition
| Stimulates mu receptors; long half-life; Maintenance tx of addicts |
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Definition
| Mu agonist that causes euphoria; short-acting drug; metabolites cause seizures, so can't use in high doses or for long term; NO cough suppression; anticholinergic; less constipation, urinary retention; serotonin syndrome with MAOIs |
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Definition
| Opioid that is lipid soluble and highly potent; short duration of action and half-life; HIGH abuse potential; used in short surgical procedures; can cause truncal rigidity if given rapidly IV; transdermal patches or lollipops; metabolized by CYP |
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Definition
| Opioid Schedule 1 drug; very potent and gets into brain well; commonly abused; prodrug for morphine |
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Definition
| Opioid prodrug used for moderate to severe pain; combined with acetaminophen; short half-life |
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Definition
| Opioid used for moderate to severe pain; used also for Tourette's and restless leg syndrome; metabolized by CYP |
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Definition
| Opioid used for moderate pain; also a cough suppressant; metabolized by CYP |
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Definition
| Kappa receptor agonist; Mu receptor partial agonist; used for moderate pain; less sedating than other opioids; may cause dysphoria; low abuse potential |
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Definition
| Partial agonist on mu receptors; ceiling effect, not much euphoria; absorbed from buccal mucosa; combined with naloxone, injected won't work |
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Definition
| Oxycodone combined with acetaminophen |
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Definition
| Weak mu agonist; inhibits NE/5-TH reuptake; causes seizures when combined with antidepressants, serotonin syndrome; low abuse potential |
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Definition
| Mu receptor agonist, inhibits NE reuptake, stimulates a2 receptors; used for moderate to severe pain; also for neuropathic pain; schedule II |
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Definition
| NO effect on mu receptors; only cough suppressant; Blocks NMDA receptors, which means abuse potential; decreases 5-HT uptake; cough syrup abuse in teenages, causes death |
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Definition
| Opioid antagonist that is only injected; short acting |
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Definition
| Oxycodone combined with aspirin |
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Definition
| Opioid antagonist that is long-acting; will precipitate withdrawal; has liver toxicity; treatment of opioid addicts |
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Term
| Methylnaltrexone, Alvimopan |
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Definition
| Opioid antagonists that are peripherally acting used for treatment of opioid induced constipation; DO NOT reverse centrally-mediated analgesia, respiratory depression; one is IV, the second oral |
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Definition
| Analgesic gas not very soluble in the blood with a rapid induction; very potent and used in most anesthesia mixtures to speed induction; does not cause malignant hyperthermia; causes euphoria, relaxation, warmth |
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Definition
| Potent slow induction inhaled anesthetic; not used very much any more; causes ventilatory depression and bronchodilates; inhibits gag reflex and cough reflex; sensitizes the heart to catecholamines, causes arrhythmias; can cause HEPATITIS; can cause malignant hyperthermia, tx with ? |
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Definition
| Anesthetic gas that is faster than halothane; no heart changes, but can cause seizures; metabolism can cause fluoride and renal toxicity; not used very much |
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Term
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Definition
| Potent inhaled anesthetic; very non-toxic; rapid induction and recovery, but bad taste so used only for perpetuation; decreases BP and increases HR; used in neurosurgery; potentiates neuromuscular blocking agents |
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Definition
| Inhaled anesthetic that has rapid induction and recovery; low airway irritation and low toxicity; used in children; safest in CV disease |
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Definition
| Very fast induction inhaled anesthetic; irritating to airway, don't use for induction; decreases BP and increases HR; causes respiratory depression and increases ICP; low toxicity |
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Definition
| Short acting barbituate used in induction of anesthesia; CI for porphyria; little analgesia; severe respiratory depression |
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Definition
| The perfect anesthetic; may facilitate GABA; fast acting and quick recovery IV, used for maintenance of anesthesia, can be used for short or long surgeries; causes some respiratory depression (don't necessarily have to ventilate the patient); anaphylaxis biggest side effect due to albumin in emulsion; lidocaine added to decrease pain on injection site |
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Definition
| Fast acting IV anesthetic used for fast onset of action and short duration; causes hiccups, hypotension; can exacerbate seizures |
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Definition
| Causes dissociative anesthesia and potent analgesic; binds to PCP site on NMDA receptor; increases HR and BP; causes emergence delirium in adults, tx with benzos; little N/V; used in vet med and children; drug of abuse (teens like drugs that act on NMDA receptors) |
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Definition
Increases release of DA; used to treat narcolepsy, ADHD; causes alertness, euphoria, excitement, appetite suppression; aggression, paranoia, delusions; increases BP
Withdrawal is fatigue, increased appetite |
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Term
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Definition
Increases release of DA and NE in basal ganglia; may produce amphetamine psychosis
Chronic use may cause neurotoxic damage, personality changes
Intense craving, severe withdrawal
Cardiac toxicity; weight loss, whiter skin, dental problems, seizures, stroke, organ damage, lack hygiene, bugs cause them to scratch and have open sores |
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Term
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Definition
CNS stimulant that inhibits DA and NE reuptake; ingredient in Coca-cola until 1903; CNS stimulation to cause alertness, euphoria, anxiety, hyperactivity; severe craving
Can be used medically as a local anesthetic, vasoconstrictor
Causes tachycardia, vasoconstriction, HTN, bronchodilation, increased body temp, dilated pupils
Crack kind inhaled rapidly absorbed, very fast onset; crack babies retarded growth, stillbirths
Chronic use causes reduction in overall brain activity; anxiety, insomnia, paranoia, hallucinations
Bugs they try to get out
Overdose causes Vtach, fibrillation; stroke, seizures
Bromocriptine decreases craving |
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Term
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Definition
Activates nicotinic receptors in CNS and periphery; increases 5-HT and DA release; CNS increased arousal, appetite suppression
Short half life
Very reinforcing and highly addictive
Bupropion used to decrease craving |
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Term
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Definition
Increases 5-HT activity by blocking reuptake and stimulating 5-HT receptors
Produces feelings of peacefulness, empathy, closeness, trust; may be followed by confusion, depression, anxiety, paranoia
Increases BP, HR; causes hyperthermia, dehydration, kidney failure
Persistent memory loss may occur
Decreased cerebral blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
Binds to presynaptic cannabinoid receptors; inhibits release of glutamate and ACh
Quickly absorbed, lipophilic, which means stored in fat and long half life
Mild euphoria, well being, altered sense of time, tranquility
NO physical dependence; psychological dependence possible
Decreased memory over time, amotivational syndrome, decreased testosterone and sperm production in males
LBW, fetal malformations
Medical uses: bronchodilation, antiemetic, appetite stimulation (Dronabinol), analgesia, decreased spasticity/ataxia/muscle weakness, decreased intraocular pressure
Bath Salts synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists; psychoactive effects |
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Term
| LDS, mescaline (mushrooms), psilocybin (peyote) |
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Definition
Acts on 5-HT receptors in brain
Euphoria, visual hallucinations that last hours
Bad trips and flashbacks
Synesthesia--one sensory modality assumes characteristics of another
NO dependence because they don't stimulate DA pathways |
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Term
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Definition
NMDA receptor antagonists used as general dissociative anesthetics
Sensation of dissociation or floating
Can produce psychosis, treat with haloperidol
Analgesia accompanied by aggression, dangerous combination
Increases BP |
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Term
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Definition
| Ester-type local anesthetic; short-acting, used around URT; inhibits Na channels, and secondarily can increase DA and NE in the CNS; Schedule II |
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Term
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Definition
Ester-type local anesthetic; very lipophilic and pKa of 3.5, always in non-ionized form
Used topically only to treat sunburn, minor burns, pruritis
Risk of methemoglobinemia |
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Term
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Definition
First synthetic local anesthetic; ester-type; metabolized by pseudocholinesterases
Short duration of action
Metabolic product PABA inhibits sulfa drugs
Used for infiltration anesthesia and diagnostic nerve blocks
Minimal toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
Ester-type local anesthetic; slow onset of action; 10X stronger than procaine; causes severe toxicity in peripheral blocks
Used in spinal and ophthalmological procedures |
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Term
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Definition
First amide-type local anesthetic; metabolized in liver by CYP
Wide range of uses; perferred for infiltration blocks and epidural anesthesia
Rapid onset
Risk of TNS in spinal blocks
Greater potency and duration than procaine |
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Term
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Definition
Amide-type local anesthetic; long duration of action; used for spinal and epidural anesthesia, infiltration blocks
Greater cardiotoxicity than other amides
More potent sensory than motor block, so better for labor in pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
Amide-type local anesthetic; long-acting; enantiomer of bupivicaine
Less lipid soluble, cleared more rapidly than bupivicane
Metabolized by CYP
Used for peripheral and epidural blocks
Vasoconstricts at clinical doses |
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Term
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Definition
Amide-type local anesthetic; intermediate duration of action
Highest rate of clearance of amides
Methemoglobinemia due to metabolites
Give methyl blue to treat
CI in cardiac and respiratory diseases
Limited to dental anesthetic |
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Term
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Definition
Amide-type local anesthetic; intermediate duration
Not used in labor or topically, just peripheral |
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Term
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Definition
Amide-type local anesthetic; NOT used in US
Toxic
"" Number Test: measure of butyrylcholinesterase activity |
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Term
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Definition
Amide-type local anesthetic; long duration of action
Rarely used
Inverse differential block, motor before sensory block |
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Term
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Definition
| Prostaglandin drug used for abortions, facilitating labor and treating dysmenorrhea; causes vasodilation, bronchial relaxation, and activates GI; initiates uterine contractions; can cause fever and facilitate bone resorption |
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Term
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Definition
| Prostaglandin drug given by injection for tx of ED; can cause penile pain and priapism; also used in peds to keep ductus arteriosus open before surgery; causes vasodilation by decreasing intracellular Ca, bronchial muscle relaxation, activates GI, relaxes SM in corpus cavernosum, produces fever and facilitates bone resorption |
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Term
| Prostacyclin (Epoprostenol) |
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Definition
| Prostaglandin drug used to relieve primary pulmonary HTN |
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Term
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Definition
| Analog of prostaglandin F2a; increases resorption of aqueous humor; topical, one drop in the evening; can cause blurred vision, conjunctival hyperemia, irritation |
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Term
| Zileuton and Zafirlukast and Montelukast |
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Definition
| LT receptor inhibitors that are used to treat asthma |
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Term
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Definition
| PGE1 analog used to reduce gastric acid secretion in ulcers |
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Term
| Aspirin (acetasalycilic acid) |
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Definition
Nonselective, irreversible inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2; causes analgesia, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory by inhibiting synthesis of factors involved in chronic inflammation and platelet effects; analgesia due to peripheral and CNS effects in hypothalamic area, also prevents sensitization of pain receptors to stimuli; lowers body temp only in situations where elevated body temp is due to conditions that raise the hypothalamic thermostat
Fast oral absorption, slowly crosses BBB; rapidly hydrolyzed in plasma; competes with other drugs for plasma protein binding sites
High doses metabolized by zero order kinetics
Alkalinization of urine promotes excretion |
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Term
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Definition
Selective reversible COX-2 inhibitors; less GI adverse effects and platelet aggregation
Increased risk of CV disease
CI in GI disease, asthma, breast feeding, pregnancy, renal failure |
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Term
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Definition
Reduces PMNs, inhibits phospholipase A
COX inhibitor
Worst side effects because very potent |
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Term
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Definition
| Potent COX inhibitor; decreased AA bioavailability; mostly GI side effects |
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Term
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Definition
| COX inhibitor that can be used in postsurgical pain; can't be used for more than 5 days or see gastric ulcerations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
COX inhibitor suitable for long term treatment
Longest half life, best for fewer daily doses |
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Term
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Definition
| COX inhibitor NSAID; recognize the name |
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Term
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Definition
Prodrug COX inhibitor
Long half life |
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Term
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Definition
| Very potent NSAID, produces a lot of GI sxs; not marketed |
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Term
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Definition
NOT inhibitor of peripheral COX enzyme; unknown mechanism of analgesia; NOT anti-inflammatory or anti-rheumatic
Antipyretic and analgesic only
Overdose causes fatal hepatic necrosis
Hepatotoxicity can progress to encephalopathy and death
Requires only 25 grams |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibition of phagocytosis; used to treat rheumatoid arthritis; decreases immune functions of macrophages because they eat this drug
Causes bone marrow damage, enterocolitis |
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Definition
| Used for rheumatoid disease and Wilson's disease; may be as effective as gold |
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Term
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Definition
| Antihistaminic, anticholinesterase, antiprotease properties; used to treat rheumatoid disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat RA and IBD; better tolerated, equally effective to gold |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibody against TNF-a; used for Crohn's and RA; must be given IV |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibody that is chimeric; binds to CD20; treats lymphoma and leukemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibody against TNF-a; used to treat RA; 100% human peptide sequence |
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Term
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Definition
Fusion protein made by DNA technology; fake TNF-a receptor to inhibit TNF-a activity
Administered subQ |
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Term
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Definition
| Fully human fusion protein that competes with CD28 for APC binding; used to treat RA |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, used in de novo pyrimadine synthesis; inhibits induction of COX-2
Leukocytes pyrimidine 90% comes from de novo pathway, so inhibits leukocytes, but not other cells (which only use de novo pathway for 10%) |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits lymphocyte purine synthesis; used to treat RA
Prodrug
GIven orally or IV |
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Term
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Definition
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; recombinant
Used to treat RA
Given subQ |
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Term
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Definition
Binds tubulin to inhibit assembly of microtubules; anti-inflammatory by inhibiting migration of PMNs
Used in gout for acute attacks
NO analgesic effect
Effective 12-24 hours
Side effects diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
Uricosuric agent
Maintain large urine volume to avoid kidney stone formation
Give prophylactic colchicine to avoid initial gouty attack
Decreases excretion of acidic compounds or metabolites |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibit xanthine oxidase
Effective in primary and secondary gout
Serious vasculitis, agranulocytosis and hypersensitivity reactions
May provoke initial gouty attack
Interacts with aluminum hydroxide, which decreases its absorption
Increases effect of mercaptopurines, cyclophosphamide
Inhibits elimination of chlorpropamide Inhibits metabolism of warfarin, probenecid
Inhibits activation of fluorouracil |
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Term
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Definition
Urate oxidase found in fungi
Converts uric acid to allantoin, which is highly soluble and eliminated
Foreign protein, high antigenic so only useable once
Used mostly in children |
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Term
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Definition
5-HT receptor agonist
Decreases vasodilation of cerebral arteries
If HA recurs, repeat dose
Expensive
Side effects of vasoconstriction
CI pregnancy, tobacco smoking |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulates alpha-1 vasoconstriction and agonist of 5-HT receptors
Most effective, specific for migraines
More vasoconstriction than triptans |
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