Term
| What are the 2 reason people get addicted to substances? |
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Definition
- Psychological dependence (positive reinforcement)
- Physical dependence (negative reinforcement)
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Term
Physically what happens when you have a psychological dependence?
What happens to your body as a result of psychological dependence? |
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Definition
- Get high
- Upregulation/sensitization: less drug -> high |
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Term
Physically what happens when you have physical dependence?
What happens to your body as a result of physical dependence? |
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Definition
- Take the substance to avoid/remove withdrawal/negative symptoms
- Tolerance/downregulation: more drug is needed for high |
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Term
What is the target of addictive substance in the brain?
What does DA bind to? |
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Definition
- DA release in the nucleus accumbens
- D1 receptors in nAC -> ↑ cAMP |
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Term
| How do drugs of addction influence DA release? 2 |
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Definition
1) Effects VTA -> stimulate nAC -> ↑ cAMP
2) Stimulate nAC directly -> ↑ cAMP |
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Term
| What are the 4 effects of DA binding to D1? |
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Definition
D1=(GPCR w Gas) stimulates adendylyl cyclase -> stimulate nAC -> ↑ cAMP -> PKA phosphorylates ->
1) Immediates response in ion channels
2) CREB -> ↑ transcription of D1(upregulation/sensitization)
3) Strengthens synapse (1 & 2 combined)
4) Tolerance develops (down regulation/↓ receptors) |
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Term
What type of disorder are drugs of addiction?
What are the 3 criteria? |
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Definition
- Obsessive/compulsive disorder
- Lose control of intake
- Neglect responsibilities
- Anhedonia (loss ability to feel happy) |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of depressants? |
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Definition
- Ethanol
- Barbituates
- Benzodiazepines |
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Term
Ethanol
What class of drugs of abuse is it?
What type of molecule is it?
Mechanism of action? 2
What other effects does it have? 3
Toxicity? 5
Steps it's broken down
What % of your breath indicates you BAC? |
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Definition
- Depressant
- Lipid soluble
- GABA receptor agonist
- NMDA receptor block
- CNS depressant
- Inhibits release of antidiuretic hormome
- Inhibits NE release from S neurons
- Liver disorder
- Hypoglycemia
- Fetal alcohol syndrome
- Wirnicke-Korsakoff syndrome
- Demyelination of peripheral neurons
Ethanol -> acetaldehyde (by alcohol dehydrogenase=rate limiting step) -> acetate (by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase)
.05% |
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Term
Barbituates/Benzodiazepine
What class of drugs of abuse is it?
Mechanism of action?
Interactions?
Other uses (Barbituates)? 2
Other uses (Benzodiazepines)? 2
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Definition
- CNS depressant
- GABA agonist
- Ethanol
- Insomnia
- Anesthesia induction
- Anxiety
- Seizures |
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Term
Rohypnol
What class of drugs of abuse is it?
Example of what type of drug of abuse? |
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Definition
- CNS depressant
- Benzodiazepine |
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Term
| What are the 4 examples of opiates? |
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Definition
- Heroin
- Morphine
- Oxycodone (Oxycotin)
- Hydrocodone (Vicodin) |
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Term
Opiates
Mechanism of action?
Type of dependence it most likely effects?
Effects? 2
People most likely die of?
Withdrawal symptoms? 2 |
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Definition
- δ, κ & μ opioid receptor agonist
- Physical dependence
- Constipation
- Respiratory depression
- Respiratory failure
- Increased pain sensitivity
- Hyperventilation |
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Term
Heroin
Drug of addiction class?
Symptoms? 3 |
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Definition
- Opiate
- Euphoria
- Nod (sleepiness)
- Being straight |
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Term
Amphetamine
Mechanism of action? 2
Effects? 4
Drugs of addiction class type?
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Definition
- DA/NE presynaptic receptor competative inhibitor (displaces DA/NE in synaptic vesicles)
- MAO inhibitor (prevents the breakdown of DA in synaptic cleft -> ↑ DA/NE NT)
- Euphoria
- Physchomotor stimulation
- Appitite loss
- Hyperthermia
- Stimulant |
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Term
Metaphetamine/Meth
Drugs of addiction class type?
Derivative of?
Differences? |
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Definition
- Stimulant
- Amphetamine
- MA is more neurotoxic
- MA has less NE effects
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Term
Ecstasy/MDMA
Drugs of addiction class type?
Derivative of?
Mechanism of action?
Effects? 2
Toxicity? |
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Definition
- Stimulant
- Amphetamine
- Taken up by serotonin reuptake transporter -> more 5HT in synaptic cleft
- Increase empathy
- Hightens sexuality
- 5HT toxicity
- Dehydration
- Hyperthermia |
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Term
Cocaine
Drugs of addiction class type?
What else is it used for?
Mechanism of action?
Toxicity? |
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Definition
- Stimulant
- LA
- Blocks DA reuptake
- MOA reuptake transporter block
- Cardiac toxicity |
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Term
Nicotine
Drugs of addiction class type?
Mechanism of action?
Effects?
What part of the neuron does it work on?
Side effects? |
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Definition
- Stimulant
- a4B2 nAChR agonist
- Mood stabilizer
- ↑ DA release in VTA & nAC
- Post synaptic nerve in VTA (-> ↑ DA release)
- Emphysema
- Lung cancer
- Blood clots |
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Term
| What are the stumilants? 5 |
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Definition
- Nicotine
- Cocaine
- Ecstacy (MDMA)
- Methamphetamine
- Amphetamine
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Term
THC
Drugs of addiction class type?
Binds to?
Mechanism of action?
Effects?
Also used as? |
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Definition
- Cannabinoid
- Cannabinoid GPCR agonist (Gai) in CNS
- Voltage gated Ca channel block
- ↑ appitite
- ANS effects
- Anti-nausea
- Demyelinating diseases
- Asthma
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Term
What are the 3 hallucinogens?
Mechanism of action? |
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Definition
- LSD (lysergic acid diethylamine)
- Mescaline (peyote)
- Psilocybin (mushrooms)
- 5HT2 GCPR serotonin agonist |
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Term
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Mechanism of action?
Effects? |
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Definition
- NMDA receptor antagonist
- Hallucinations
- Violent behavior |
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Term
| What does drug addiction depend on? 2 |
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Definition
- Genetic predisposition
- Experience |
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