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Pharmacology
Antimicrobials
73
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
03/13/2012

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Cards

Term
Which drug can be given ophthalmically? Class?
Definition
Tobramycin. Aminoglycoside.
Term
Which 2 classes bind to 30S ribosomes?
Definition
Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines
Term
When should you use Amikacin instead of Gentamicin?
Definition
Use Amikacin when the foal is septic
Term
Adverse effects of Aminoglycosides (name 3)? Which species should not get these?
Definition
Nephrotoxic! (most important) - accumulates in the kidneys. Ototoxic (peak concentrations); Neuromuscular blockade. Do not give to food animals - 18 month WTD because kidneys are edible
Term
Neomycin. What class? How is it applied?
Definition
Aminoglycoside. Topical or Oral.
Term
Aztreonam. What class?
Definition
Beta-lactams. Monobactam.
Term
Amoxicillin vs. Ampicillin?
Definition
Amoxicillin - more stable than ampicillin, does better in gastric pH than ampicillin.
Term
Cefazolin. What class? What's it used for? How is it eliminated?
Definition
1st generation cephalosporin. Used in conjuction with small animal surgery. Eliminated rapidly by the kidney.
Term
Cephalexin. What class? What's it used for? How is it given?
Definition
1st generation cephalosporin. Used for small animal pyoderma, UTIs. Given orally.
Term
Cefadroxil. What class? What's it used for? How is it given?
Definition
1st generation cephalosporin. Used for small animal pyoderma, UTIs. Given orally.
Term
Ceftiofur + Sodium. What class? What's it used for clinically?
Definition
3rd generation cephalosporin. Used in respiratory diseases in food animals, horses, and dogs.
Term
Cefoxitin. What class? What's it used for?
Definition
2nd generation cephalosporin. Not much in vet med, only Bacteroides.
Term
Ceftiofur + Sodium, Hydrochloride, Crystalline Free Acid. Which one lasts the longest and why?
Definition
Ceftiofur = Crystalline Free Acid. 7 day therapeutic dose. Depot formulation as a crystal.
Term
Crystalline Free Acid. How is it administered?
Definition
Cattle = by ear! Horses = by neck
Term
Cefovecin. What class? What's it used for? Unique benefit? Adverse effect?
Definition
3rd generation cephalosporin. Used for dog and cat skin infections. Long elimination 1/2 life - which can be good, unless an adverse reaction occurs (anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity) - then you must treat for 65 days!
Term
Ceftazidime. What class? What does it treat? What's unique about it?
Definition
3rd generation cephalosporin. Active against Pseudomonas. Likely to distribute into barrier-restricted compartment.
Term
Small MBC/MIC = Cidal/Static Large MBC/MIC = Cidal/Static
Definition
Small MBC/MIC = cidal, Large MBC/MIC = static
Term
Which 4 drugs (that we've discussed so far) can enter barrier-restricted compartments?
Definition
Ceftazidime, Chloramphenicol, Doxycycline, Rifampin
Term
Compare tetracycline to doxycycline. Which one is better for renal compromised and why? Which one can be taken with food?
Definition
Doxycycline is better for the renal compromised because it is eliminated in the feces (tetracycline is eliminated by urine). Doxycycline can also be taken with food.
Term
What is the hallmark of Chloramphenicol? What are its contraindications? Adverse effects?
Definition
Excellent penetration into abscesses. Contraindicated in food animals. May possibly cause aplastic anemia? (only show in humans)
Term
What is unique about Macrolide disposition?
Definition
It accumulates in lungs/WBCs
Term
What species is oxytetracycline used in? What is the clinical aspect we discussed?
Definition
Large animals. Used to treat angular limb deformities in foals.
Term
Erythromycin. What class? What is it's main use? What is a secondary use?
Definition
Macrolide. Respiratory diseases (i.e. Rhodococcus). It can also be used as a prokinetic (dosed below MIC)
Term
Which drug class is carcinogenic/mutagenic? Therefore, who should not get it?
Definition
Metronidazole. Pregnant animals
Term
Which drug increases the half-life of other drugs that are eliminated by hepatic metabolism?
Definition
Chloramphenicol
Term
Amikacin. What class? Adverse effects?
Definition
Aminoglycoside. Nephrotoxic.
Term
Which beta-lactams are resistant to beta-lactamase?
Definition
Oxacillin, Methicillin, Cloxacillin, Carbapenam (Ibipenam)
Term
How do you administer Procaine Penicillin and Benzathine Penicillin?
Definition
IM or SQ. This is a depot drug. NOT IV.
Term
How can you decrease the adverse side effects of potassium penicillin?
Definition
Give it slowly!
Term
Which beta-lactam drugs are anti-pseudomonas?
Definition
Ticarcillin, Imipenam
Term
Which drug is the "big gun" saved for MRSA?
Definition
Vancomycin
Term
Which Cephalosporins are good for Pseudomonas?
Definition
Ceftazidime, Cefepime
Term
Which drug is good for treating skin infections in dogs and cats?
Definition
Cefovecin
Term
What is the clinical indication of Ceftiofur + hydrochloride? How is it administered?
Definition
Clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cattle. Intramammary infusion.
Term
Cefepime. what class? What is it used for?
Definition
4th generation cephalosporin. Life-threatening infections - only as a last resort.
Term
What's a second use of tetracycline?
Definition
It has immunosuppressant activity (esp. when combined with niacinamide).
Term
When should you not use doxycycline? What could happen?
Definition
Do not use IV in horses. Fatal cardiovascular collapse.
Term
Which drugs are good for intracellular infections?
Definition
Tetracycline. Also (chloramphenicols, macrolides, and lincosamides)
Term
what is the specific MOA for fluorquinolones?
Definition
Inhibits DNA gyrase.
Term
How is enrofloxacin metabolized/excreted?
Definition
10 - 40% of it is metabolized by the liver into ciprofloxacin. About half of it is then excreted in the urine.
Term
What are the 2 primary categories that are included in Metronidazole spectrum of activity?
Definition
Anaerobes. Protozoa.
Term
What 2 drug classes are terrible at treating anaerobes?
Definition
Aminoglycosides. Fluoroquinolones.
Term
Which class (or classes) of drugs are time-dependent?
Definition
beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides
Term
Which class (or classes) of drugs are concentration dependent?
Definition
Aminoglycosides.
Term
which class of drugs is both concentration-dependent OR AUC dependent?
Definition
Fluroquinolones.
Term
Which drugs can be used to treat swine respiratory disease?
Definition
Tylosin, Tilmicosin
Term
Which drug is good for cattle foot rot? How is it given?
Definition
Florfenicol. IM (2 doses, 48 hours apart) or SQ injection (1 x)
Term
What is an adverse effect of florfenicol? What species is it labeled for?
Definition
Causes diarrhea in horses. Labeled for food animals only!
Term
What is the resistance mechanism against macrolides?
Definition
Efflux pumps, and 50S binding site changes
Term
Which drugs are known to cause esophageal damage if the pills are given to cats without water?
Definition
Lincosamides, Macrolides
Term
How should you administer macrolides in large animals?
Definition
Depends! If they are adults, ONLY parenteral. If it is a foal for Rhodococcus, then oral admin is okay.
Term
Which drug is good for treating osteomyelitis (incl. dental infections) in small animal? What class is it in?
Definition
Clindamycin. Lincosamide.
Term
What is the specific MOA of macrolides?
Definition
Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit (inhibits peptide bond formation)
Term
What is the specific MOA of rifampin?
Definition
Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Term
What is the specific MOA of metronidazole?
Definition
Free radical derivatives in bacteria damage DNA
Term
Which drug class requires therapeutic drug monitoring? You should keep the trough low/high to minimize nephrotoxicity.
Definition
Aminoglycosides. You should keep the trough LOW to minimize nephrotoxicity.
Term
Which drug class causes clostridial overgrowth in hindgut fermenters?
Definition
Beta-lactams
Term
Which drug has flex-labelling? In fact, what does that even mean?
Definition
Enrofloxacin. It means that the label now considers the targeted pathogen and variable MIC. AKA you can now use Enrofloxacin in dairy replacement heifers.
Term
What is an adverse effect of rifampin?
Definition
Red colored urine/tears/sweat/etc. Not actually "adverse", just freaks out clients.
Term
Name the 5 adverse effects/contraindications of fluoroquinolones?
Definition
1. Prohibited extra-label use in food animals. 2. Arthropathy in young, growing animals. 3. Retinopathy in cats (dose dependent) 4. Potentiates seizures. 5. drug interactions with methylxanthines (ex: increases serum concentration x2 of theophylline)
Term
Which drug is neurotoxic in horses? Is this dose dependent or not?
Definition
Metronidazole. Yes, dose dependent.
Term
What is an adverse effect of penicillins? Is this dose-dependent or not?
Definition
Hypersensitivity/Anaphylaxis. No, not dose-dependent.
Term
In comparison with the disposition of Na penicillin G, the relatively insoluble benzathine salt of penicillin G has rapid/slow absorption, high/low peak concentration, and long/short duration of effect.
Definition
Depot penicillins (compared to IV penicillins) have slow absorption, low peak concentration, and long duration of effect.
Term
Which drug would be good for treating Anaplasmosis?
Definition
Oxytetracycline
Term
Which has a longer half-life: tetracycline or doxycycline?
Definition
Doxycycline
Term
How are the chloramphenicol metabolized?
Definition
Hepatic metabolism
Term
What is an adverse effect of tilmicosin?
Definition
Cardiotoxicity
Term
The maximal achievable plasma concentration of an antibiotic in a particular host is known as ________.
Definition
Breakpoint
Term
What is the most common mechanism of resistance to cephalosporins?
Definition
Enzymatic degradation of the drug (AKA beta-lactamases)
Term
Which drug classes are known for their post-antiobiotic effect?
Definition
Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones, Metronidazole
Term
Which drug class has an adverse effect of fatal colitis in ruminants and hindgut fermenters?
Definition
Lincosamides
Term
Which drug class causes discoloration of teeth in neonates and retards fetal and neonatal skeletal development?
Definition
Tetracyclines
Term
Which drug should you always use with a 2nd drug, due to its high potential for resistance?
Definition
Rifampin
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