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| Belief, way of thinking, Ideas, perspective of life, challenging the accepted, point of view, explanation of how the world functions, analyzing concepts, making connections |
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Its not what you see thats the same its the concept
-numbers
-one hand five fingers |
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| never confuse the two. examples by itself are not explanations, even if the example is correct |
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| subject matter of Philosophy |
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| never determined by domain, it is its questions, problems and issues |
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| nature of the questions of Philosophy |
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can be about anything
its about the question not what the q is about
transmission of info-Math, doesn't establish answer, base answer to the q. authority- someone in position to question |
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possible to both be false but also for one to be true and one to be false
- the board is green the board is red |
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eathier one or other has to be true, can't both be false
- board is black, the board is not black |
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| subject matter of philosophy |
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| is its problems and its questions |
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you can't use the word you are trying to define in the definition of the word
mother: someone who is a someones mother |
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| most fundamental in method of science |
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| most fundamental in philosophy |
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| we use sense perception or sense expierence |
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| philosphers describe the method of science as |
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| Math is rational and based on what concepts |
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| concepts, operations, that you follow and understand. called formal science not natural science. Logic is a formal science |
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| method of Philosophy is described as |
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rational
-comes from reason |
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| human psychology based on emotion and instinct. humans have an additional faculty - reasoning. |
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| the capacity to understand think and reason |
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reason, emotion and instinct
ex) salt- do u know the chem? no the taste? yes. these are distinct. to taste- it is conceptual |
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| the understanding of concepts and reasoning |
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you are interested in what the words signify so you need conceptual analysis
ex) abortion right or wrong? |
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| mind brain identity theory |
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| mental activity, relates to thought |
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| positive and negative thought- process of attitude |
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| two questions regarding reasoning |
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how many thoughts are there
how many kinds of thinking are there |
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| remembering hoping expecting |
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| we are interested in what kinds of thinking |
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that pertains to truth
thoughts can be neither true or false |
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traditional/modern
belongs to philosophy but its value is not only philosophical |
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| what kinds of things are true |
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interrogative
imperitive
request
declaritive |
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| not the sentence thats true or false but what the statement means thats true or false |
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| Philosophers refer to sentences as |
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statements or propositions
ex) two people could say I'm standing and one it could be true the other false, but same sentence. |
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| accept truth of statement based on direct evidence |
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| How can you tell whether something is true or false? |
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It is true on basis of some justification
-includes evidence
-but direct evidence is not the only justification. based on logic and reasoning. accept truth of this statement based on reasoning |
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| is a structure sequence of statements |
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| an expression of reasoning is known as a |
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on basis of which a conclusion is born.
IF |
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| in logic we describe correct reasoning as |
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| reasoning in which the conclusion follows the premises |
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| faculty reasoning is valid/invalid |
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| we study reasoning in its |
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the linguistic expression of reasoning
-can be correct/incorrect successful/unsuccesful |
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| Argument can be analyzed into |
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structured sequence of statements
within argument some statements are your premises |
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statements that are assumed or asserted to be true
on basis of these premises a conclusion is asserted |
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| Logic in terms of argument |
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will be valid or invalid.
conclusion follows from the premise |
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if all premises are true then
the conclusion must be true |
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| in logic and Philosophy we evaluate a statement or proposition as |
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| in logic and Philosophy we evaluate a argument as a whole as |
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if something is not mentioned in the premise, you can't bring it into the conclusion
conclusion goes beyond the premise |
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validity tells you if ALL premises (each statement) are true then conclusion (last statement) MUST be true
does not guarantee truth or premisis or truth of conclusion |
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its possible for the statement to be true, conclusion to be true, but argument is invalid
validity is not sufficient enough to establish the truth of the conclusion |
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if premises are true but conclusion false must be invalid
you can have an invalid argument where both premises and conclusion are true |
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| If i am her father than she is my daughter |
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| not accepting that he is the dad, but accepting a relation btw premise and conclusion. accepting relation btwn two statement, accepting that its true |
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| rationality and reason are examples of |
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| extensive discussion in Philosophy |
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two elements
understanding: |
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| aim to reach understanding of these concepts or notions |
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| kind of thinking that pertains to truth |
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| concerned with examination and study of reasoning |
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reasoning must be valid and all premises in fact are true so conclusion must be true
valid, all the premises are in fact true-need if we want guarantee that conclusion is also true
valid arguments are conditional on truth of premises |
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| two ways to criticize an argument |
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question its validity
question truth of some or all of premise or notions involved |
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| even if premise is true the conclusion doesn't follow the premise |
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| question some or all of premise |
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| showing not all premise is true then argument is not sound establishing conclusion is not true |
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| when truth of premise is questioned |
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| centers around questioning notions that are involved |
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| conclusion is true based on premise but doesn't mean the argument is true |
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| both premises are true, so conclusion is true and argument is true= valid |
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| invalid argument what combos are possible |
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| in a valid argument what combos r possible |
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| all EXCEPT you can't have a true premise and false conclusion. |
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the love of wisdom
greek root: philo sophia
love=desire=pursued
wisdom= theoretical knowledge
pursuit of theoretical knowledge |
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| earliest philosopher on record |
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Thales
started seeking knowledge for his own sake not practical app. |
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| early thinkers were called |
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intellectual revolution/ continuous history
b/c presocratics changed way of thinking |
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what they studied in past with no evidence
embodiment of understanding of themselves, nature and their history as well. |
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| kind of thinking that produces mythology |
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mythos-story or tale
poesis -make |
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| myth making way of thinking #1 |
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no clear distinction btw what is natural and what is super natural- mix it
ex) lightening believe it was greek god |
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| myth making way of thinking #2 |
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| anthropomorphism- when they rep. supernatural-in human forms (the gods) |
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given in form of a story-overdose imagination
imagination/imaginative |
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| presocratics changed way of thinking how? |
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distinguished naturala and supernatural- explanation of natural phenomenon
no anthropomorhism
presentation in statements
not based on imagination but based on reason its speculative but not imagination |
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