Term
| What were some of the markers of the transition from traditional to modern thought? |
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Definition
1600's- begnning of moern thought a holistic worldview, leaving some of the answers to mystery, realistic worldview, open to spirtuality.
Modern- reason, objective reasoning, carful oberservation, anything with the scientific method |
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Term
| Why is Descartes considered the father of modern philosophy? |
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Definition
| He broke away from the views of the church, didn't break away in a bad way. Didn't want to get excommunicated. Relied on reason, used oberservation, michanical understanding of the world. |
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Term
| What would make Francis Bacon also a cadidate for that title? |
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Definition
emphizied careful determination more than Descartes
the scientist with the new scientific instiutions showed torture natures secrets out of her. |
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Term
| How is dualism such a significant feature of Descartes' thought? |
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Definition
His metaphysics-that there are 2 substances in our world, the mind and matter
I think I am, therefore I am
doubt our mind exist so we use it all the time -mind
anyting physical, metaphysical, real -matter
mind, body, dualism |
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Term
| What alternative does the Dutch/Jewish early modern philosopher Spinoza provide? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the role of seperation in the way Descartes approached things. |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the metaphor Descartes used for trying to understand how the world worked? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean to say Descartes' thinking is "mechanical"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean to say Descartes' thinking is "piecemeal"? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what way could Descartes be classified as a "rationalist"? |
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Definition
His epistamalogical method starts with the mind, rational thought. reasoning
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Term
| Especially in the Meditations, what was the importance of doubt in Descartes' thought process? |
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Definition
| The role of doubt is to swep awaya all previous (believe make new room for reasoning, told by church/book), to use only his reasoning |
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Term
| What was the importance of "clear and distinct ideas"? |
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Definition
conculsions- I think therfore I am
govern methods, Descartes |
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Term
| How did Descartes infulence Newton? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Descartes infulence the modern world generally? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 17th century alternative did Locke provide in England? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Locke's epistemology lead to his political philosophy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was 18th century British philosopher David Hume's realtionship to Locke? |
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Definition
The next greatest imperalist following Locke. Greatest British Empiricist.
(British imperalist-NOT) |
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Term
| In what way was Hume a radical empiricist? |
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Definition
| He pushed his empiricism so far it turned to skeptkism |
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Term
| What was Hume's controversial insight about causation? |
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Definition
Observing with ones eyes & ears
entire mind is based on simple implications- becomes stored idea in mind; never know why, just seen it before
knowing (probability) imply thi to everything & know how mind works |
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Term
| Explain Hume's point in his essay on miracles. |
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Definition
| Calm and objective evidence or-go through evidence of detached evidence to weight the miracles. |
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Term
| Explain Hume's difference with Descartes on the self. |
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Definition
We never observed the self.
doubted everything, logical couldn't doubt his existance |
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Term
| Explain Hume's position on substance. |
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Definition
Substance- Self
we never observe it-so we shouldn't talk about it |
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Term
| How is Hume's position on the self and substance similar to the Buddhist teachings of the Dalai Lama and others? |
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Definition
Dali Lama
There isn't any such thing as self - if there is inderect knowladge of it |
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Term
| What legacy did Hume's epiricism have for modern science? |
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Definition
He put skeptism/ caution into the clams of science
Ex: theory of evolution, global warming |
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Term
| How does the term "probability' fit into Hume's epistemology? |
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Definition
| The kind of knowladge humans get is probability not a certainty |
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Term
| How do 'custom' or 'habit' fit in? |
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Definition
| Custom & Habit are great ruler of human life created to carry us through the research for anything |
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Term
| What kind of ethics emerged from Humes's method? |
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Definition
He tries to start without presumptions
starts with observation of gentle human warmth, king sentaments
Carry out ethics with ultiartian ethics |
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Term
| In what way is his ethics more akin to feminist ethics than to Kant's ethics? |
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Definition
Does not include feelings, Hume
no moral worth-emerge-Kant
from sentiments/feelings |
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Term
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Definition
German- wrote " the critique of pure reason"
Relied on careful reasoning
Ultimite enlightenment thinkings |
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Term
| For what was Knat famous in metaphysics and epistemology? |
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Definition
Famous for carrying out a capernican revolution in M & E
need revoution in the way you think, paradine thinking
he looked at what Decartes & Hume said- must be that
12 catagories in human mind
changed structure to the human mind itself - the hardwiring
Kant -thing-in-itself
thing-for-us (refer to hypathetical "real world")
When we say its a THING that produces..
Makes room for mystery again |
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Term
Kant advocated 3 of the following statements in his ethics; which statement did he NOT advocate?
a) ONly a good will is good in an unguarlified
b) duty envolves getting in touch with what we love
c) Reason & Will are the best guides to human conduct
d) treat other as ends in themselves |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do feminists find less affinity with Kant's approach to ethics? |
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Definition
Kant-ethics reasons out sentiments & duty; use will; leads to actuing morally or failing to act morall; fail to carry out duty;
Hume- warmth, women more attracted to his way |
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Term
| In what areas has Kant's ethics been influential? |
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Definition
Professional ethics;
Ex: hot supposed to favorite or spend more time on someone compared to another person; put aside warmth & feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
German; early 1800's; considered greates philosopher in 1820's + 30's
professor at university of Berlin; "phenomenlogy of spirt mind" (Geist) "Philosophy of History". "Philosophy of right"-about law
Philospher of reason |
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Term
| What in Hegel's approach was diferent from all the preceding ones? |
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Definition
| Showed how all previous philosophers fit thogether instead of writing his own; thought they fit toghther dialectially (stuggle of opposites moving toward truth) |
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Term
| How did Hegel approach the epistemological sequence from Descartes to Hume to Kant? |
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Definition
Dialetical Process
-I think, therfore, I am
-D-Clock, mechanical reasoning
-H- Ethics based on warmth, certinty of senses
-K bring Descartes & Hume together, more forward, shift in understanding of it
Kant forgot D. Human mind isn't blank |
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Term
| What do we mean by calling Hegel's a 'process' philosophy? |
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Definition
| Truth is a process always unfolding' truth is a movement itself |
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Term
| What did Hegel mean by dialectic? |
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Definition
| not just dialog between 2 people, but the back and forth swing of ideas developing through history & moving to new stages |
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Term
| What was Hegel's philosophy of history? |
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Definition
history developed through an understandable patter that was dialetical and moving toward truth;
Zeitgeist (wourld ghost/spirt) constantly moving shows new time is being birthday; going back to normady |
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Term
| In what way did Hegel's philosophy provide a schema for understanding revolutionary change? |
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Definition
| Showed that change can be qualitative, not any quantitative; don't imagine changes that will occur in the future, Hegel was not political revolutionary, conservative |
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