Phonetics

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the study of speech sounds, their form (articulations), substance (acoustic properties, and perception; application of this study to a better understanding and improvement of linguistic expression.

Phoneticians

individuals who study speech sounds.

Branches of Phonetics:

 Experimental, articulatory, acoustic, perceptual, and applied.

Experimental Phonetics:

How can speech sounds be studied? “lab and field methods are tested. Speech synthesis is used to control variables. Speech is short lived (happens and is gone). Their goals are to generate, record, stored speech for analysis.

Articulatory Phonetics

“How are speech sound produce?” deals with speech sound production. They may look at breath pressure for producing sounds.

Acoustic Phonetics:

 “What is the nature of the speech sounds that are produced?” the study of sound, properties of sound waves, sound patterns of periodicity recurrence at regular intervals, tone a sound with a distinctive quality, aperiodicity(happening at irregular intervals), or noise.

Perceptual Phonetics:

“How are speech sounds perceived by a listener.” The ear collects and transmits sound waves as neural impulses to the brain to be interrupted and perceived.  They look at  awareness to perception of sounds. Precision, rate, loudness.

Applied Phonetics:

“What are the practical uses of this knowledge?” they use info from the previous four to in solving practical problems.

Normative Phonetics

Setting good speech standards

older branch that deals with establishing norms for good and acceptable speech.the believe in standards and pronunication variations are to be corrected.

Clinical phonetics

Remedition of speech disorders

phonetic info is used to remediate unintelligible or disordered speech.ex:misproduced sounds.

Linguistic phonetics(phonology)

Analysis and classification of sound systems within languages and the framework rules for combining sounds.

Historical(diachronic)phonetics

The pattern development of the speech sounds of a language over time and influencing factors.

Descriptive (synchronic)phonetics

the study of the speech sounds of a language at one point in time.

Comparative(contrastive) phonetics

Comparison or correlation of the speech sounds of two or more languages.

dialectology(linguistic geography)

The studey of language variations causing speech-sound differences in the varieties of spoken language called dialects.

Pragmatic phonetics

The study of purposeful changes in speech, dependent of the stituation.

pragmatics:the branch of linguistics that studies language use rather than language structure

Martin Joos 1967

Transciptional phonetics

Development and application of phonetic alphabets.IPA or American Assoc. of Phonetic Sciences.

symbols used to trancribe any language efficiently and accurately.

Phone (Phoneme)

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Any sound that can be produced by the human vocal tract, including stops, clicks, trills, and various resonsant(vowel-like) sounds.

speech sounds are referred to as phoneme, not phone.

minimal pairs

Words that differ only in one sound.

EX:bat,pat

mat/mitt

ether/either

clod/cloud

Allophone

alternate form/sound of a phoneme

Ex: /t/letter vs. /d/leder

allophonic variations occur when you repeat a vowel such as /i/

Phonology,phonemics, linguistic phonetics

the study of speech sounds and their permissible combinations in language.

Grapheme

graph:refers to a letter

when a graph is used in the alphabet fo a particlar language it is a grapheme.

Allograph

varient form of a graph

ex: fonts in programs, upper and lower case graphs(letters).

Graphemics

The study of letters in writing and spelling.

Orthography

The study of the spelling and writing system of a language.

Morph

a general term referring to units of meaning such as plurality, possession, and tense, without regard to a particular language.

Morpheme

the smallest meaningful unit viewed in a language-specific context.

Ex Free Morpheme:friend or cat

Bound Morpheme

must be connected to free morpheme(root words) as prefixes or suffixes.

Ex: un-, dis-, -s, -ly and so on

Bound Morphemes