Originally went to college to study medicine

Wrote "On the Origin of Species" in 1859

Traveled on the HMS Beagle in 1831

Gallapagos (1835)- Young islands most intrigued by finch/tortoises 

Founded the idea of adaptive radiation and natural selection

Cultural Anthropology

Linguistic Anthropology

Archaeology

Biological Anthropology

In the 4th century wrote about how each living form had unchanging characteristics (immutability) and that all life was in a hierarchical ladder with humans at the top

God>Angle>Demon>Man>Woman>Animal>Plants

>Minerals

Medieval Society/Science

Renaissance 

• Science disappeared in the middle ages because of the rise in church.
• The only people who could write/read did so for the bible.
• Born into position (by god) Nobles/Clergy -> Free Peasants -> Serfs

Renissance- began in 1348 after Black Death took 1/2 of the European pop. = Birth of Science and Fact

1456- Movable Type

1590- Microscope

1603- Thermometer/Barometer

1608- Telescope

1625- Clock

3 Big Developments 

renaissance scholars saw themselves as "rediscovering" ancient greek and roman knowledge=modern approach to science

artists like da Vinci and Versalius made the scientific study of human anatomy greater

the finding of the new world clashed with the first world round travel thus introducing new plants and animal forms to scientists

Proved that the oribit's of planets around the sun weren't circular but rather elipses

Newton's law of inverse squares= F=GMa(Mb/r^2)

Linnaeus (Linnaean System)

1707-1778

Swedish Botanist 

Used physical characteristics to assign living organisms to classifications

Created taxonomy 

Binomial Nomenclature- linnaean naming of creatures split into genus and species

separated great apes into pongidae family and humans into hominidae

John Ray (1627-1705)

First naturalist to use the terms genus and species 

Believed god created all species as they are

not how they got here but what they can do for us

Georges Cuvier

(1769-1832)

Naturalist who argued against evolution

believed in catastrophism and that after a large disaster, noah's flood, strong more advanced animals moved into the area

Strongly believed in evolutionary change

argued agains cuvier

Jean-Baptiste Lemark

(1744-1829)

Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics (1801)- all individuals make changes in their lifetime to better suit their environment and then pass them on to offspring

Lysenkoism- Soviet guy who took lemarkism too far when trying to obtain better crops

Geologist-father of modern geology

theory of uniformitarianism- the same gradual geoloical process we observe today was operating in the past

Geologist

stated that the world's history could only be understood in the depth of the rocks

Ob 1- All organisms could out populate their food supply

Ob 2- When looking at the world populations seem stable

Ded 1- therefore, there must be a struggle for existence

Ob 3- Nature is full of variation

Ded 2- therefore some variations must be favored by natural selection

In order for nat selection to work 3 conditions must be met

1. the trait must be inherited

2. the trait must show variation between individuals

3. the environment must exhert pressure

Immanual Kant

(1755)

Evolution of Astronomy

Could the world have had a natural beginning?

the big bang theory

Brings together genetics and the theory of evolution

"synthesizes"

Metatheria:marsupials- no placenta to develop young

Prototheria: Monotremes- Lay eggs but raise young on milk

Eutheria- Placental mammals

Grasping hands

large prains

high degree of learned behavior

Order=Primate

Sub Order= Prosimians and Hominoids

or

Sub Order= Strepsirhine and Haplorhine

Generalized 

Nonhuman primates=quadrapeds

Opposable thumbs

flat nails not claws

Stereoscopic vision

Generalized teeth(tarsiers=mostly animal protein)

petrosal bulla- bone that protects inner ear

Boney eye sockets- more developed in hominoids than prosimians

Arboreal Hypothesis

v 

Visual Predation Hypothesis

Frederick Wood Jones and George Elliot Smith

Monkeys adaptations suited life in the trees

v

Matthew Cartmill

Primates adaptations were for catching prey

Single Offspring

Large Brains

Extended Ontogeny (life from birth to death)

Nocturnal except lemur that has evolved in its own area

Tooth comb-for grooming

smell dominance

socially not as adapted

consists of lemurs lorises tarsier(with dry nose) potto

flat nails except one toilet claw

Found only on Madagascar

smallish- largest being 20lbs there are four kinds of lemurs

very socially and in life style

Scent mark

early primitive mammal- no facial expression

long nose

whiskers

grasping hands and big toe

forward facing eyes

ball joint in wrist

single births

tropical africa and asia

Fits under both categories- dry nose but more similar to anthropoid

live in indonesia

nocturnal

prey on small animals 

live in monogamous pairs

Platyrrhini(infraorder)

Ceoidea(superfamily)

live in western hemisphere argentina- Vera Cruz

3 common features:

Small Body Size

3 premolars

arboreal

have a prehensile tail for grasping trees

4 Families:

Cebidae

Pithecidae

Atelidae

Callitrishidae

Polyandrous: One female mates with mulitple males

Catarrhini(infraorder)

Cercopithecoidea(superfamily)

Found in Africa Asia and parts of Middle East

Have a callus on butt= Ischial Collosite

Double Ridged Molars

Include:

Macaques of Asia

Baboons

Guenons

Drills

Mangabeys

Patas

---

Have cheek pockets for storing food

Females go through estrus to flaunt her fertility

Apes and Humans

Hominodea(superfamily)

Increased brain volume= ^ intelegence

extended life span

complex social interactions

large body size

Shared characteristics:

rotating shoulder= braichiation(swinging)

tool technology

cognitive development

language acquisiton

Lesser Ape

Found in Asian topics/subtropics

eat fruit

smaller of apes

most vocal non-human primate (sings)

monogamous- socially not necessarily reproductively

Greater Ape

Among largest brained on earth

solitary

found in indonesia

arboreal

eat fruit

males watch certain female area

-males without area=transient try to move in on other males area(some are so small that they look like adolescents allowing them to move into area easier)

ovulation can be triggered by food supply

sexual maturity:

f=11

m=15

8 years between births

gorillas

largest apes=400lbs

80,000 in nature

600 mtn gorillas in wild(Virunga Volcanos Bwindi Impenatrable Forest)

sexually dimorphic (different size sexes)

Sexual Maturity:

male-mid teens-silver back

Females give birth every 4 years

maternal groups

males can stay with group or leave to meet new females

mtn gorillas eat 100% high fiber plants

lowland gorillas eat a varied diet with fruits and leafs

Chimps/Bonobos

Closest living relative

Found in Africa

Males can weigh up to 150lbs

live in multimale mulitfemale groups FISSION-FUSSION

-8 month gestation 4 years childhood sexual maturity @ 12(females)

-Sexual Maturity @ 15 (males)

45 years of age captivity 60yo

eat fruit veggitation meat

live by learned traditions and pass them on

Bonobos

males and females similar size

small region south of Congo

25000 living

fruit leaves

big social groups

R-Selection

K-Selection

R=Litters

K=Single Births