systematics

an analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relationships of organisms

depict evolutionary relationships in branching phylogenetic trees

Linnaeus invented it

two part format of the scientific name of an organism

e.g. Homo sapiens

domain

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species`

Keep Pipes Clean OF Gas

Kingdom-Animalia

Phylum-Chordata

Class-Mammalia

Order-Primates

Family-Hominidae

Genus-Homo

Species- H. sapiens

made up of ancestral species and all of its descendents

legitimate taxa in cladistics

the production of multiple copies of a gene within the genome

important type of mutation in evolution because it increases the number of genes in the genome

genes found in a single copy in the genome

diverge only once speciation takes place

result from gene duplication

more than one copy in the genome

can diverge within the clade that carries them

the Globin gene family has resulted from several gene duplication events

Prokaryotes

unicellular or multicellular?

unicellular

no membrane-bound organelles

circular chromosomes

spheres (cocci)

rods (bacilli)

spirals (spirilli)

cell wall

maintains cell shape, provides physical protection, prevents cell from bursting in a hypotonic enviroment

composed of peptidoglycan in bacteria

may also have an outer phospholiped membrane

a sticky layer of polysacchride or protein

may cover the cell wall of many prokaryotes

cocci

purple

bacilli

pink

transfer of genetic material between two bacteria

not necessarily the same species (horizontal gene transfer)

plasmids are usually transmitted from donor through a sex pilus

can survive with or without oxygen

(fermentation when no O₂ present)

are poisoned by O₂

fermentation

anerobic respiration- substances other than O₂ act as electron acceptors

Proteobacteria

Chlamydias

Spirochetes

Gram-positive bacteria

Cyanobacteria

single-celled and eukaryotic

mostly unicellular, but some colonial and multicellular

protists

photoautotrophs

protists

heterotrophs

protists

mixotrophs

flagellates

ciliates

amoeba

protists

zygotic life cycle

haploid cells transform into gametes, gametes fuse to from zygotes

(e.g. Plasmodium, which causes malaria)

protists

alternation of generations

protists

5 supergroups

Excavata

Chromalveolata

Rhizaria

Archaeplastida

Unikonta

single, large mitochondria containing an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

(e.g. parasite Trypansoma, causes African sleeping sickness)

have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell

some species are mixotrophs

alveolate

diverse group of aquatic photoautotrophs and mixotrophs

abundant components of marine and freshwater phytoplankton

two flagella make them spin as they move through the water

cellulose plates

rapid growth of some dinoflagellates is responsible for "red tides," which can be toxic to humans

some dinoflagellates are bioluminescent

alveolate

parasites of animals, some cause human diseases (e.g. Plasmodium causes malaria)

apex contains a complex of organelles for penetrating host RBCs

apicoplast-nonphotosynthetic plastid

alevolate

named for their use of cilia to move and feed

have 2 nuclei

macronucleus-control everyday functions

micronucleus- used in conjugation

stramenopile

unicellular algae (photoautotrophs)

silica test

major components of the phytoplankton

accumulated diatom tests in marine sediments

used in toothpastes and filter media

stamenopile

largest and most complex algae

all multicellular and mostly marine seaweeds

cartenoid pigments give them brownish/olive color

Foraminiferans

named for their porous, generally multichambered tests made of calcium carbonate

pseudopodia extend through pores in the test

foram tests in marine sediments form an extensive fossil record

marine protists with silica tests

pseudopodia known as axopodia

(used to capture and phagocytose microorganisms)

reddish in color due to accessory pigment called phycoerythrin

usually multicellular

red algae, Prophyra, is eaten as crispy sweets or used to wrap sushi

named for their green chloroplasts

chlorophyll a and b main pigments

divided into 2 main groups- chlorophyta and charophyta

type of Unikonts

have lobe-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia

form a mass called a plasmodium

coenocytic- multinucleate from the repeated division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division

extends pseudopodia through decomposing matter, engulfing food by phagocytosis

form multicellular aggregates

(cells separated by their membranes)

Dictyostellium discoideum is an experimental model for studying the evolution of multicellularity

fungi are heterotrophs, but do not ___

their food

secrete coenzymes into their surroundings that break down complex molecules

absorb smaller organic molecules

decomposers (saprotrophs)

parasites

mutualistic symbionts

Which of the following is not a job performed by any fungi?

decomposer

parasite

predator

producer

plasmogamy

heterokaryotic stage

karyogamy

the diploid phase

meiosis-producing haploid spores

nuclear fusion

in fungi, cells have haploid nuclei from 2 parents

fungi classified in the phylum Chytridiomycota

saprobic or parasitic

unique in having flagellated spores called zoospores

fungi in the phylum Zygomycota

include molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts

named for their sexually produced zygosporangia

fungi in the phylum Glomeromycota

form distinct type of endomycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae

about 90% of all plants have mutualistic relationship with glomeromycetes

fungi in the phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi)

defined by the production of asexual spores in asci contained ascocarps

phylum Basidiomycote (club fungi)

includes mushrooms and shelf fungi

defined by clublike structure called a basidium

mycelium is usually long lived and dikaryotic (can send up mushrooms in just a few hours)

some fungi help animals break down...

plant material

guts of cows and other grazing animals

mutualism between plant and fungus

takes place in leaves and other tissues

symbiotic relationship b/w photosynthetic microorganisms and a fungus

ver hardy organisms that can occupy harsh enviroments

fungal symbiont is most often an ascomycete

photosynthetic symbiont is either single-celled green algae or cyanobacteria

asexual reproduction by fragmentation or release of soredia

futicose

foliose

crustose

1.  rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis

2. peroxisome enzymes

3. structure of flagellated sperm

4. formation of phragmatoplasts

1. alternation of generations and multicellular, dependent embryos

2. apical meristems

3. walled spores produced in sporangia

4. multicellular gametangia

liverworts

hornworts

mosses

gametophytes are the dominant stage of the life cycle

produced flagellated sperm in antheridia and ova in archaegonia

form ground hugging carpets and at most are only a few cells thick

grow out of archegonia

consist of a foot, a seta, and a sporangium

hornwort and moss sporophytes have stomata

sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the...

lycophta (club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts)

pterophyta(ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns)

xylem-conducts most of the water and minerals

phloem-distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products