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Physical Geology
Exam 1 with Dr. Price
109
Geology
Undergraduate 2
02/09/2010

Additional Geology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Big Bang occurred when?
Definition
12 Billion years ago
Term
Earth formed when?
Definition
4.6 billion years ago
Term
Life appears on Earth?
Definition
3.5 billion years ago
Term
Modern humans apear on Earth when?
Definition
195,000 years ago
Term
Last ice age was how many years ago?
Definition
10,000 years ago
Term
Geo means?
Definition
Earth
Term
Study of the Earth
Definition
the materials of which it is made, the processes that act on these materials, the products formed, and the history of the planet and its life forms since origin
Term

Scientific Method Steps

1-4

Definition

1.Recognize problem

2.Generate hypothesis

3.Test hypothesis

4.Develop theory

Term
Ecliptic
Definition
the orbital plane of all planets in our solar system are nearly identical
Term

Pluto has recently been termed a:

 

Definition
dwarf planet
Term

Rock samples of the moon reflect:

 

Definition

-similarities to Earth

-many differences to Earth

-believed to have collided with Earth

-Mars sized object

Term
Earth is made up of what percent Iron?
Definition
35%
Term

Earth is made up of what percent Oxygen?

 

Definition
30%
Term

Earth is made up of what percent Silicon?

 

Definition
15%
Term
Earth is made up of what percent Magnesium?
Definition
13%
Term
Earth is made up of what percent of the other 88 naturally occurring elements?
Definition
8%
Term
How hot is the Inner Core?
Definition
4300 degrees Celsius
Term
What is the inner core made out of?
Definition
Solid iron alloy
Term

What is the inner core's density?

 

Definition

13 g/cm cubed

Water is 1 g/cm

Term

Is the inner core shrinking or expanding as the Earth cools?

 

Definition
expanding!
Term

What is the outer core made of?

 

Definition
Liquid iron alloy
Term

What is the density of the outer core?

 

Definition

11 g/cm cubed

 

Term

What does convecting mean?

 

Definition
stirring
Term
What is special about the outer core?
Definition
it produces Earth's magnetic field
Term
Is the outer core increasing or decreasing?
Definition
decreasing as the Earth cools becoming more of the inner core
Term
How do we know the composition of the core?
Definition

from:

-measurements of Earth's density

-meteorites(remnant cores of destroyed planets)

Term

What is the largest part of the Earth?

 

Definition
the Mantle
Term
The mantle is composed of peridotite rock rich in?
Definition

-iron

-magnesium

-silicon

Term

How do we know what kind of materials are found in the mantle?

 

Definition
volcanoes are splurting it out
Term
What is the density range of the mantle?
Definition
5.5 g/cm at base to 3.5 g/cm at top
Term
What are the three parts of the mantle?
Definition
lower mantle, transition zone, and upper mantle
Term

The crust makes up what percent of the Earth's mass?

 

Definition
less than 1 percent
Term
How thick is Oceanic crust?
Definition
2-7 km thick
Term
How think is Continental crust?
Definition
40-125 km thick
Term
What is the density of oceanic crust?
Definition
3.2 g/cm cubed
Term
What is the density of continental crust?
Definition
2.4 g/cm cubed
Term
Oceanic crust is rich in what?
Definition
Iron and Magnesium
Term
Continental crust contains more what and less Iron and Magnesium?
Definition
Silicon
Term
Red Shift
Definition
If the light source moves away from you its wavelength increases which is "  " shift
Term
Continental Drift was proposed by who?
Definition
Alfred Wegener
Term
Wegener coined the term " " which is a super continent?
Definition
Pangaea
Term
Pangaea broke apart in what period?
Definition
Mesozoic ~ 180 Million years ago
Term
Wegener's evidence for his theory was (5):
Definition

1. Jigsaw puzzle fit to the continents

2. Locations of past glaciations

3. Distribution of Equatorial Climatic Belts

4.Distribution of fossils

5. Identical rocks

 

Term
Striations are:
Definition
scratches on bedrock from sediment trapped in the glacial ice
Term
Till is:
Definition

sediment deposited by a glacier

(a mixture of mud, sand, cobbles, and boulders)

Term
Coal indicates:
Definition
lush vegetation like that found in swamps and jungles
Term
Limestone indicates:
Definition
coral reefs in tropical areas
Term
Sandstone indicates:
Definition
sand in deserts
Term
Halite indicates:
Definition
evaporating seawater or salt lakes in desert
Term

The fundamental premise of the Distrubution of Fossils theory is that animals cannot:

 

Definition
swim across oceans
Term
In what time periods were fossils discovered from different continents?
Definition
Paleozoic and Mesozoic
Term
What reptile fossils were found in Africa and South America?
Definition
Cynognathus, Mesosaurus, and Lystrosaurus(also Antarctica and India)
Term
What fern fossil was found in Africa, South America, India, Antarctica, and Australia?
Definition
Glossopteris
Term

Precambrian rocks are found where?

 

Definition

East coast of South America and West coast of Africa

(570 million years old)

Term
The Appalachians can be found in what three areas?
Definition
eastern North America, western Africa, and western Europe
Term
Wegener's theory was wrong because why?
Definition
He believed that the continents moved by sliding over the ocean floor - it is said to be physically impossible
Term
Define: Paleomagnetism...
Definition
the record of ancient magnetism preserved in rock
Term
What three(3) things make the outer core have a magnetic field?
Definition
iron-richness, liquid, convection
Term
The Earth's magnetic field has the following properties(4):
Definition

-Dipole(contains a north and south pole)

-currently the dipole is tilted 11 degrees to the rotational axis(not aligned directly with geographical poles)

-magnetic declination

-the tilt of the dipole never exceeds 15 degrees to the geographic poles

Term
At the magnetic equator, magnetic fields are "  " to the Earth's surface?
Definition
parallel
Term
At the magnetic poles, magnetic fields are "  " to the Earth's surface?
Definition
perpendicular
Term
What is the most common rock affected by paleomagnetism?
Definition
basalt
Term

Basalt is a "  "-rich rock that forms from magma and is usually "   " in color

 

Definition
iron, dark
Term
What produces paleomagnetism?
Definition
the alignment of the iron atom dipoles with the Earth's magnetic field lines during cooling and solidification of the lava
Term

Apparent Polar-Wander Paths Definition:

the path on the Earth's surface indicating the path of

"_____ _____" as determined from "_______"

 

Definition
continental drift, paleomagnetism
Term
Three(3) things to know about Polar-Wander Paths:
Definition

(1) Magnetic inclination - indicates latitude(N/S motion) of continent

(2) Magnetic declination - indicates longitude(E/W motion) of continent

(3) Indicates age of rock

Term
Sea Floor Spreading was proposed by:
Definition
Harry Hess
Term
Mid-Ocean Ridge is a long, linear, elevated, "____" structure typically lying along the "____" of the ocean floor.
Definition
volcanic, middle
Term
How far above the flanking ocean floor is a mid-ocean ridge elevated?
Definition
2-3 km
Term
Harry Hess proposed that the ocean floor moved "___" in the opposite directions from mid-ocean ridges
Definition
away (Seafloor Spreading)
Term
If new ocean crust is being produced at mid-ocean ridges, then old ocean floor must be "_____" somewhere
Definition
consumed (Deep Ocean Trenches)
Term
Poles switch every few "_____" thousand year
Definition
hundred
Term
What anomaly records magnetic reversals?
Definition
Sea Floor Spreading
Term
If the dipole points fro north to south, Earth has "   " polarity.
Definition
Normal
Term
The ocean floor is made up of what kind of rock primarily?
Definition
basaltic(iron rich)
Term
Whta kind of polarity are the poles today?
Definition
Normal
Term
The Ocean floor is not older than "____" Million years old.
Definition
200
Term
Pangaea began to break up about "____" million years ago.
Definition
180
Term
The processes associated with the creation, movement, and destruction of Earth's lithosphere plates is called "_____ ______"
Definition
Plate Tectonics
Term
What is the unifying concept of how the outer part of the Earth evolves?
Definition
Plate Tectonics
Term
How many plates make up the crust of the Earth?
Definition
20
Term
Mantle is mostly "____" with small amounts of liquid present(magma).
Definition
solid
Term
The mantle is composed of "____" and "____" rich silicates termed "______"
Definition

iron and magnesium

peridotite

Term
The middle of the mantle is termed the "______"-phere meaning "_____"
Definition
aesthenos, weak
Term
The aesthenosphere is hot and slowly flowing which permits the "_____"-sphere to move.
Definition
litho
Term
Upper portion of the aesthenosphere is rigid and is part of the "____"-sphere
Definition
litho
Term
The "______" seperates the crust from the mantle.
Definition
moho
Term
The crust density is 2.8 g/cm and the mantle is 4.5 g/cm so therefore the "_____" floats on the "_____"
Definition
crust, mantle
Term
The "_____" is the top of the lithosphere.
Definition
crust
Term
"lithos" means?
Definition
rock
Term
The lithosphere makes up the upper portion of the "_____" and includes all of the "_______"
Definition
mantle, crust
Term
Oceanic crust is the thinnest at "_____-______ _______"
Definition
mid-ocean ridges ~ 2km
Term
Oceanic crust is thickest under "____ _____"
Definition
mountain belts
Term
"_____" activity is often, but not always, associated with plate boundaries.
Definition
Volcanic
Term
The "___" is the spot in the crust where the fault begins to slip.
Definition
Focus
Term
New lithosphere is produced aling this type of plate boundary?
Definition
Divergent
Term
"_____" at mid-ocean ridges causes faulting.
Definition
Tension
Term
There are three(3) types of Convergent Plate Boundaries: Name them.
Definition

(1) Ocean-Continent

(2) Ocean-Ocean

(3) Continent-Continent

Term
An ocean trench is the "_____" part of the ocean.
Definition
deepest
Term
The "_____-_____" zone is where series of earthquakes occur in the subducting plate.
Definition
Wadati-Benioff
Term
An example of and Ocean-Ocean plate boundary would be the "______" Islands
Definition
Alleutian
Term

The "_____" zone is

the area where two continental plates have joined together through continental collision

Definition
suture
Term
There are no "______" along a Continent-Continent boundary.
Definition
Volcanoes
Term
Continent-Continent boundaries start off as "______-_____" boundaries.
Definition
Ocean-Continent
Term
A volcanic center that is the result of rising hot mantle material termed a plume is a what?
Definition
Hot Spot
Term
How many hotspots have been identified world-wide?
Definition
About 200
Term
A plume of a hotspot forms in response to heat from "_____" decay in the mantle.
Definition
radioactive
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