Term
| Reciprocal innervation is where... |
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Definition
| a collateral branch from the Ia afferent synapses with an interneuron, acting to inhibit a-motor neurons to the antagonist muscle, preventing its contraction. Renshaw cells produce IPSPs in a motor neurons of the antagonistic muscle. |
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Term
| the inverse myotactic reflex, aka negative stretch reflex, is ... |
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Definition
| a polysynaptic reflex, meaning it contains no monosynaptic connections, and occurs when a person trys to lift more weight than they can carry as to prevent tearing or pulling muscle from bone. It results in relaxation |
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Term
| In Inverse myotactic reflexes... |
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Definition
| Ib fibers from tendon of stretched or contracted muscle synapse on Inhibitory interneurons, which inhibit the motor neuron of the muscle initiating the response and excitatory, which stimulate the motor neurons of the antagonistic muscle. Interneuronsmay also pass to higher motor centers, providing information of the sudden changes in the muscle |
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Term
| ______________ feedback helps to equalize the muscle load and can stabilize muscles accross a joint |
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Definition
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Term
| Flexor withdrawl reflex is... |
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Definition
| a polysynaptic reflex which is most stongly stimulated by pain. It aids in moving the body away from the painful stimulus. It is a prepotent response meaning it takes priority over all other reflex responses. It causes flexion of the ipsilateral limb, extension of the contralateral limb and utilizes double reciprocal innervation, inhibiting extensor muscle in the ipsilateral limb, and flexor muscle in the contralateral limb. |
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Term
| When the spinal cord is damaged or severed, the 1st thing you get is _________ for _______, which is characterized by ________________. Reflexes return ______, and become ___________. However, ______________________ never return |
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Definition
| spinal shock; 3-4 weeks; flaccid paralysis, loss of autonomic function, loss of sensation below injury site, and joins offer no resistance to being passively moved; gradually; hyperactive; voluntary movement and sensation |
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Term
| ____ is organized through pooling sensory information at the _______________ which integrates sensory stimuli for purposeful movement |
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Definition
| Input; Posterior parietal |
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Term
| Information from primary centers is sent to the _________________ and then relayed to _______________ where __________ is developed |
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Definition
| posterior parietal cerebral cortex; suplemental and premotor areas; motor plan |
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Term
| Activities such as reaching for an object with the arm, movements requiring hand eye coordination, and when the hand explores an object, all increase activity within the.... |
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Definition
| posterior parietal cortex |
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Term
| Central processing within the supplemental and premotor cortices results in _________, which includes _____________________, which is then implemented by commands transmitted to the ______________ |
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Definition
| central processing; motor plan; which muscles, strength, and sequence of their contractions; primary motor cortex |
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Term
| Success of execution of a motor plan depends on feedback via ____________ information and _____________. Motor processing is provided by _____ and ________________ |
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Definition
| somatosensory cortex; visual pathway; cerebellum; basal ganglia |
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Term
| Nervous system output regulates ____________, where __________ rate of discharge of spinal motor neurons implies ______________ force of contraction and __________ number of motor units recruited implies ________ force of contraction |
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Definition
| contractile forces of skeletal muscles; increased; increased; increased; increased |
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Term
location of motor neruons in the ventral horn regulates motor action:
Dorsal area stimulates ________
Ventral region stimulates _________
Dorsolateral region innvervates _________
Ventromedial region innervates_________ |
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Definition
| flexion; extension; extremities; axial (postural) muscles |
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Term
| The motor cortex controls _________ and _________________, it is located __________________. |
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Definition
| Reaching; fine voluntary movement; in front of the central sulcus |
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Term
| The motor cortex is arranged into _________ also known as _____________ |
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Definition
| functional columns; cortical efferent zones |
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Term
| Each functional column functions as a unit responsible for _____________ to a group of _________, and is ________ organized into _ layers. Layer _ cells are responsible for motor output (they are also known as ________ cells) |
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Definition
| motor output; synergistic muscles (provide similar action and direction of movement to part of body); horizontally; 6; V; pyramidal |
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Term
| The motor cortex is subdivided into _ different areas, with levels of activity determined by _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary motor cortex (located on the __________) has increased ____________ when movement is executed, and has a ________ organization represented by the _____________ |
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Definition
| precentral gyrus; bloodflow; somatotropic; motor homunculus |
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Term
| The primary motor cortex is responsible for.... |
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Definition
| controlling speech muscles, simple learned tasks involving distal limbs, and fine, skilled voluntary movement. |
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Term
| The premotor cortex (located _________ to the primary motor cortex) is active in the ___________ of movement, providing ___________ to the primary motor cortex involving groups of muscles |
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Definition
| rostral; planning and execution; pattern input |
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Term
| The premotor cortex mainly controls ____ muscles, and the information is carried in the _____________. It sets _________ at the start of planned movement |
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Definition
| axial; mediocortical spinal tract; posture |
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Term
| The premotor cortex contains _______ which is an area important in _______________ |
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Definition
| Broca's area; word formation |
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Term
| The supplemental motor area is located ______________ to the premotor cortex, and provides planning and execution of ______________, and is involved in ______ and _________________________ |
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Definition
| superior and medial; bilateral movement; vocalization; complex postural movements |
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Term
The corticospinal (pyramidal) tract provides the most important output from the __________. It's fibers form the __________. As they reach the brainstem, the fibers form 2 separate tracts:
the ______________ tract which is composed of the __% of fibers that cross-over midline at the _______, and the _______________ tract which is composed of the __% of fibers that ________________ |
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Definition
| motor cortex; pyramidal tract; lateral corticospinal; 80; medulla; ventral corticospinal; 20; continue in the ventral white matter on the same side |
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Term
| In the lateral corticospinal tract, fibers synapse ___________ with appropriate motor neurons in the ventral horn, which controls.... |
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Definition
| directly; fine, skilled movements in distal portion of limbs |
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Term
| Fibers in the ventral corticospinal tract synapse on interneurons in the _______ region of the ventral horn at the level of the spinal cord where it will connect _________ with motor neurons. It controls ... |
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Definition
| medial; bilaterally; postural and gross movements in the axial and proximal limb muscles |
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Term
| The corticobulbar tract has fibers that travel to the motor nuclei of ___________, and relay motor output to muscles in the.... |
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Definition
| cranial nerves; eyes, face, tongue and throat |
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Term
| The Sensory feedback tract to the motor cortex.... |
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Definition
| receives freedback from muscles and areas of skin surrounding muscles, and allows for corrections of any deviations from intended movements |
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Term
| The three basic functions of the cerebellum are... |
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Definition
Controlling posture and equillibrium
Planning movement
and smooth limb movement |
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Term
| While planning movement the cerebellum receives information from... |
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Definition
| the supplemental, premotor and parietal cortices |
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Term
| the cerebellum while controlling smooth limb movement influences... |
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Definition
| rate, range, force and direction of movement (damage disturbs this coordination) |
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Term
| The cerebellum is also involved in ... |
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Definition
| motor learning, participating in the improvement of motor performance from practice of motor skills |
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Term
| Removal of the cerebellum would not effect... |
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Definition
| muscle strength or sensation |
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Term
| Describe the structure of the cerebellum. |
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Definition
| There are 2 hemispheres (right, left) that are each divided into 3 lobes - the anterior lobe, the posterior lobe, and the flocculonodular lobe |
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Term
| what are the 3 functional subdivisions of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Corticocerebellum |
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Term
| What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum? |
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Definition
| It is from the vestibular apparatus in the ear to the flocculonodular lobe, it aids in balance with respect to head position, and is important for actions involving fast changes in direction. |
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Term
| What is the function if the spinocerebellum? |
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Definition
| It is from the spinal cord to the intermediate region and the vermis of anterior and posterior lobes. It receives descrete moment-by-moment information regarding limb position and muscle actions, and is involved in correcting the execution of movement involving trunk and proximal limb movement. It outputs to the thalamus and ventral horn of the spinal cord via red nucleus. |
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Term
| What is the function of the corticocerebellum? |
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Definition
| from cerebrum to lateral portions of the anterior and posterior lobes, it is involved in planning and initiation of movement to distal parts of the limbs, and outputs through the thalamus to motor and premotor cortices |
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