Term
| What are the three types of chemical bonds? |
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Definition
| Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen Bonds |
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Term
| Which type of chemical bond is associated with the TRANSFER of electrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of bond is associated with the SHARING of electrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of bond is found between molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do atoms form chemical bonds? |
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Definition
| Because their outer shells are not completely filled with electrons (they have partially filled outer s hells) |
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Term
| Compare / Contrast polar and nonpolar covalent bonds |
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Definition
| With nonpolar covalent bonds electrons are shared equally, therefore results in a noncharged molecule. Polar covalent bonds - electrons are shared unequally, therefore results in a molecule with partial charges |
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Term
| Why does it require so much energy to increase the temp of water? |
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Definition
| You have to supply enough heat energy to break the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules to get them moving |
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Term
| Why is it that so much energy is required to increase the temperature of water important to living things? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen bonds between water molecules help water resist changes in temperature; since water is the major compound making up living things, this is important in helping to maintain a constant body temp |
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Term
| Water is an excellent solvent. What does this mean? why is water an excellent solvent? |
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Definition
| It is excellent at dissolving lots of solutes; it is excellent because it is polar (charged) and lots of solutes are also polar (with the exception of lipids of course) |
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Term
| What is the function of a buffer? |
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Definition
| Maintain pH; it will pick up H or add H so that the pH does not fluctuate |
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Term
Given the following rxn:
H2CO3 <---> HCO3- + H+
If pH is too high, will the rxn proceed to the right or to the left? |
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Definition
| If pH is high, then solution is too basic (Not enough H ions), so rxn will go to the right to produce more H ions. |
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Term
Given the following rxn:
H2CO3 <---> HCO3- + H+
If there are too few H ions, will the reaction proceed to the right or the left? |
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Definition
| If there are too few hydrogen ions than the solution is too basic so the reaction will go to the right |
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Term
Given the following rxn:
H2CO3 <---> HCO3- + H+
If the solution is too acidic will the rxn proceed to the right or left? |
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Definition
| if pH is too acidic, then there are too many H ions, so rxn will go tot he left to pick up extra H ions. |
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Term
Given the following rxn:
H2CO3 <---> HCO3- + H+
Which of th eabove compounds is an acid? Why? |
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Definition
| H2CO3 is an acid becuase in solution it dissociates, producing H ions so it is an H donor |
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Term
Given the following rxn:
H2CO3 <---> HCO3- + H+
Which of the above compuonds is a base? |
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Definition
| HCO3- sine in solution it receives or binds with H ions (i is an H recipient) |
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Term
| Define salt and give an example. |
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Definition
| A salt is an ionic compound containing cations other than hydrogen ions and anions other than hydroxide ions ex. NaCl, KCl, Calcium carbonate, Calcium phosphate |
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Term
| Define electrolyte and give an example |
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Definition
| Electrolytes are substances that conduct an electrical current in solution; all ions are electrolytes |
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Term
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Definition
| When dissolves in water some substances dissociate or seperate into their component ions. For example NaCl ---> Na + Cl |
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Term
| Give an example and function of a monosaccharide |
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Definition
| Glucose, ribose, galactose; functions include energy and building blocks for other sugars. Monosaccharides typically form a ring structure |
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Term
| Give two examples of a storage polysaccharide. Starch ( in plants) glycogen in animals |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a structure polysacchardide |
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Definition
| Cellulose found in cell walls of plants and some fungi |
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Term
| What are the buildign blocks of proteins? |
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Definition
| Amino Acids with Peptide bonds between them |
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Term
| Why cant our cells use heat to catalyze a chem rxn? |
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Definition
| Heat is nondiscriminatory it would cause all chem rxns to be occuring all of th etime - waste of energy and resources for the cell. Also heat can denature proteins. |
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Term
| What is the head made out of in a phosphpolipid? |
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Definition
| phosphate ion and glycerol |
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Term
| Lipids without fatty acids are called? |
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Definition
| sterols an example is cholesterol which have a ring structure |
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Term
| Name two good functions of steroids (cholesterol) in the body |
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Definition
| Present in cell membranes (create space so membrane behavior more like fluids) and used to produce hormones such as testosterone and estrogen |
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Term
| What is a nucleotide composed of? |
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Definition
| sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
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Term
| which part of a nucleotide spells out the genetic code? |
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Definition
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Term
Arrange the following from largest to smallest:
disaccharide, monosaccharide, polysaccharide |
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Definition
| polysaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide |
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Term
Arrange the following from largest to smallest:
glucose, lactose, glycogen |
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Definition
| glycogen, lactose, glucose |
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Term
Arrange the following from largest to smallest:
fatty acid, glycerol, triglyceride, diglyceride, monoglyceride |
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Definition
| triglyceride, diglyceride, monoglyceride, fatty acid, and glycerol |
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Term
Arrange the following from largest to smallest:
polypeptide, amino acid, protein |
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Definition
| protein, polypeptide, amino acid |
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Term
| The cell membrane is mainly composed of what molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it important for the plasma membrane to remain fluid? Name 3 ways it does this. |
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Definition
So that substances can be transported more easily. The following prevent packing of the fatty acid tails; 1. kinks in phospholipid fatty acid tails; 2 short fatty acid tails 3: cholesterol
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Term
| Two examples of integral proteins in the plasma membrane are channel proteins and carrier proteins. What is the general function of these proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how membrane proteins can function in signal transduction |
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Definition
| Ex. hormones - sometimes some hormones cannot enter their target cells; a membrane protein may serve as a receptor site for a hormone, called a first messenger; the receptor protein then relays the message to the inside of the cell |
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Term
| What are the 3 kinds of intercellular junctions? |
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Definition
| Tight Junctions, Anchoring Junctions and Gap Junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms fluid tight seals between adjacent cells, they prevent fluid from passing between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| fasten cells to one another; common among tissues subject to friction and stretching (exdesmosomes - spot welds between cells or between cells and connective tissue) |
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Term
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Definition
| permits communication between cells by allowing passing of small molecules and ions; ex. electrical or chemical signals to pass from cell to cell via tunnels called connexons. |
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Term
| glycoproteins and glycolipids create what on the outside of the cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the glycocalyx? |
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Definition
determine the ABO blood groups
recognition of egg by sperm
can serve as receptors for hormones
can serve as receptors to trigger endocytosis
act as "markers" id a cell as being a certain type ; also id the cell as belonging to 'self' not a foreigner like a bacterium
help anchor the cell in place |
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Term
| What is the function of microvilli? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 factors that influence the rate of diffusion? |
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Definition
1. size or moleculr weight
2. surface area
3. temperature
4. density ofmedium |
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Term
| plasma membrane permeability depends on what 3 factors? |
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Definition
1. size or molecular weight
2 polarity
3 number of transport proteins in membrane |
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Term
| How do ions cross the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| Membrane channel proteins |
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Term
| Why do ions want to move across the membrane? |
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Definition
They want to follow their concentration gradients (move from high to low due to their own kinetic energy)
They want to follow their electrical gradients (move to an area of opposite sign) |
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Term
| What are the 2 major types of ion channels? |
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Definition
1. Leaky - always open
2. GAted - open or close in response to some stimulus |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of gated channels? |
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Definition
1. Mechanical
2. Chemical (ligand)
3. Light
4. Voltage |
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Term
| Name 3 types of ligands that will cause chemical gated channels to open or close |
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Definition
1. neurotransmitters
2. hormones
3. ions |
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Term
| Name 3 types of ligands that will cause chemical gated channels to open or close |
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Definition
1. neurotransmitters
2. hormones
3. ions |
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Term
| What 2 major things set up the resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
| Ion concentration gradients and selective permeability |
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Term
| Consider a resting membrane. Describe the ion concentration across the membrane |
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Definition
| High Na+ outside the membrane; high K+ and A- inside the cell |
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Term
| In a resting membrane, the membrane is more permeable to what ion? why does this occur? |
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Definition
| K+ this occurs due to leaky K+ channel proteins |
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Term
| RMP involves what kind of protein channels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Consider resting membrane potential. How are charges distributed across the membrane? |
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Definition
| Positive outside, negative inside; negative charge is due mostly to loss of positively charged ions (K+) from the inside of the membrane; loss of positive = a negative |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how the Na/K pump works. Why does it require ATP? this type of transport is referred to as (active or passive) transport |
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Definition
| It requires ATP to move ions from low concentration to high concentrations. This type of transport is active transport. 3 Na+ are pumped out fo the cell and then 2 K+ are pumped into the cell. The pump binds 3 Na from the inside of the cell then binds to a phosphate from ATP. The phosphate changes the shape of the protein so that it can release the Na to the outside and then bind 2 K from the outside of the cell. The phosphate is then released so the protein returns to its orgiginal shape and can release K to the inside of the cell. |
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Term
| What are the 4 possible electrical states of membranes? |
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Definition
| RMP, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization |
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Term
| What 2 membrane potentials can act as signals? |
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Definition
| Graded potential and action potential |
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Term
| The RMP is permeable to K ions. how much K diffuses out fo the cell and how much Na diffuses into the cell |
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Definition
| ALOT of K diffuses out fo the cell and A LITTLE Na diffuses into the cell |
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Term
| what 2 things establish RMP? |
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Definition
| Ion concentration gradients and selective permeability |
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Term
| Why are graded potentials called generator potentials? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are graded potentials called receptor potentials? |
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Definition
| They occur on sensory receptors |
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Term
| Graded potentials involve what kind of protein channel? |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify the 3 different kinds of gated channel involved in graded potentials |
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Definition
Chemically or Ligand gated
Mechanically gated
Light gated |
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Term
| Therefore, what kind of stimulus can trigger a graded potential? |
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Definition
A chemical or Ligand
Mechanical
Light |
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Term
| If the chemical, light, or mechanical stimulus opens more K channels instead of Na. what happens? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the chemical, light, or mechanical stimulus opens more Na channels instead of K. what happens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Once threshold is achieved, will an action potential always occur? |
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Definition
| YES!!! All or none response. put this in your essay |
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Term
| Another name for action potential is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of ion channels are involved in action potentials? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes the membrane to return to RMP after hyperpolarizatoin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the difference between the absolute refractory period and the relatively refractory period |
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Definition
| Absolute refractory period. While Na voltage gates are open another AP is not possible. Relative Refractory period. Once Na voltage gates close, another AP is possible if the stimulus is super strong |
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Term
| What are the 2 kinds of nervous system cells? |
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Definition
| Neuroglial cells and neurons |
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Term
| What is the input zone of a neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where on the neuron do graded potentials occur? |
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Definition
| Input zone or the Soma and dendrites |
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Term
| Where on the neuron do APs occur? |
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Definition
| Axon or the conducting zone |
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Term
| What is considered to be the output zone of a neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| Functionally; How are multipolar neurons classified? |
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Definition
| motor, efferent, or interneurons |
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Term
| Functionally, how are unipolar and bipolar neurons classified? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory is the same as afferent, motor is the same as efferent |
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Term
| What does neuroglial mean and what are the general functions of neuoglial cells? |
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Definition
| Neuroglial = nerve glue; general functions; protect, support, insulate, speed impulses, help with regeneration / repair of axons in PNS and help filter CSF, help for BBB |
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Term
| What is the outer layer of myelin sheath taht contains the nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles of the Schwann cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is how the myelin sheath is formed important for axon repair / regeneration? |
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Definition
| in the PNS, the entire Schwann cell forms the myelin sheath. The outer layer of the sheath called the neurilemma contains the nucleus, so when the Schwann cell is damaged it undergoes mitosis to fill in the gap, allowing the axon to grow back |
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Term
| Explain how the myelin sheat results in saltatory cnoduction and how this is faster than contiguous conduction. |
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Definition
| The impulse cannot be conducted throught he myelinated parts of the axon. only naked segments can depolarize. So, the impulse jumps from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier, skipping over the myelinated segments of the axon. On the unmyelinated axon, the impulse has to travel down the entire axon depolarizing the entire axon. |
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Term
Neuronal synapses can occur where?
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Definition
neuron to neuron
neuron to muscle
neuron to gland |
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Term
| What causes calcium gates to open in the presynaptic axon terminal? |
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Definition
| Depolarization from the AP |
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Term
| Does calcium move into or out of the cell at the axon terminal? |
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Definition
| Calcium moves into the cell or the synaptic end bulb |
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Term
| If the N.T. is excitatory what will happen to the postsynaptic membrane? |
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Definition
| The membrane depolarizes (chemicaly gated Na gates open and Na rushes into the cell; K gates close so K tricles out of the cell. The outside becomes more negative with respect to the inside |
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Term
| If the N.T. is inhibitory what will happen to the postsynaptic membrane? |
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Definition
| the membrane hyperpolarizes (More K gates open and MOre K rushes out of the cell, more Na gates close so only a small amount of Na trickles out of the cell. The inside becomes even more negative with respect to the ousdie of the cell. |
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Term
| Describe 3 ways N.T.s can be terminated at the synapse. |
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Definition
1. enzyme in the cleft brakds down the N.T. (acetylcholinesterase)
2. The N.T. is returned to the presynaptic neuron by a protein in the presynaptic membrane
3. The N.T. diffuses out of the cleft
This occurs so the N.T. does not continuously stimulate the postynaptic cleft |
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Term
| T or F a single EPSP cannot induce an AP in the postsynaptic neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F. The same N.T. is always released at a particular synapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Biogenic amines are synthesized from what amino acid? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Idolamines like serotinin and histamine are synthesized from what amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Endorphins and Enkephalins are composed of what? What do they do |
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Definition
| Composed of peptides, they bind to the same receptors as opiates |
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Term
|
Definition
| receptors are ion channels, so N.T. bind directly to the ion channels, opening or closing them to change membrane potential. like ACh |
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Term
|
Definition
| receptors are nto ion channels; the receptor is associated with a G protein; the G protein activates adenylate cyclase which produces cyclic AMP, cyclic AMP acts as a second messgneger to open ion channels or activate protein kinases to bring about some effect on the cell; longer lasting effects. catecholamine receptors. |
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Term
| Dequence of events that takes place when a neurotransmitter binds to the G protein receptor |
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Definition
1. N.T. binds to G linked protein receptor in the cell membrane
2. G protein is activated
3. G protein produces second musch such as cyclic AMP
4. protein kinase systems are activated
5. a cascade of enzymatic rxns is initated
6. Membrane permeability is changed or a gene is activated for protein syntehsis |
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