1. intracellular fluid (ICF)
2. extracellular fluid (ECF)

1. mainly in the cytoplasm -- cytosol (fluid) + organelles; has selective permeability - regulates molecules that enter and leave cell
2. fluids surrounding the cell; blood plasm (interstitial fluid)

1. eukaryotic cells
2. prokaryotic cells

1. have true nucleus
2. has no nucleus - just 1 chromosome

1. chromatin
2. nuclear envelope
3. nucleoli

1. stained nuclear materia (DNA + protein)
2. double membrane surrounding the nucleus
3. made of RNA + proteins - synthesis of subunits of ribosomes

1. mitosis
2. meiosis

1. replication of somatic cells; 2n > 2n; diploid # = 46 chromosomes
2. replication of sex cells (gametes); 2n > n; haploid # = 23 chromosomes

1. Cell Cycle
2. order of the phases

1. events in cell from one mitosis to the next mitosis
2. M, G₁, S, G_2,G_o

1. M
2. G₁
3. S
4. G₂
5. G_o

1. mitosis - karyokinesis and cytokinesis
2. mitotic spindle completes breakaway; materials for DNA synthesis accumulate
3. DNA replicates; each chromosome is made of 2 chromatids
4. molecules needed for M are assembled (microtubules, etc)
5. out of cycle

• embryonic cells during cleavage
• blood cell precursor in bone marrow (especially RBC)
• skin (epidermal epithelium)
• intestine epithelum

• nerve tissue (neurons)
• muscle tissue

1. stem cells
2. two types of stem cells
3. cord blood

1. very immature cells that have potential to differentiate into other cell types; can multiply + self-renew
2. a. embryonic stem cells; b. "adult" stem cells (already begun differentiation - used for nerve + liver damage, Parkinsons)
3. blood cells from umbilical cord stored for later use

1. rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
2. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

1. has ribosomes  - protein synthesis (produce enzymes, fibrinogen, etc)
2. no ribosomes - lipid synthesis (produce estrogen, testosterone, cholesterol, etc), converts glycogen to glucose, detoxification of drugs, sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscles

• sites of hydrolytic enzymes
• antibacterial enzymes used during phagocytosis
• breakdown of aging cell parts (autophagy)
• needed for metabolic reactions

• modifies, stores, packages cell secretions
• sugar + protein = glycoprotein
• vesicle formation for export
• lysosomes are formed here

1. hydrolysis
2. dehydration synthesis

1. protein + H₂O  ---^enzyme--> amino acids  [catabolic]^
2. amino acids ---^enzyme--> protein + H₂O  [anabolic]^

• neutrophils
• monocytes

buildup of substrate, not enough product

-some lysosomal disorders involve a decrease in enzyme for a particular reaction

• autosomal recessive genetic disorder - begins in infants
• lack of hexose immidase A (Hex )
• increase in lipids

1. molarity
2. diffusion
3. osmosis

1. # of moles solute / liter of solution
2. movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low concentration
3. form of diffusion; solvent (usually H₂O) moves from high to low concentration across semi-permeable membrane

1. red blood cells
2. gradient
3. osmotic pressure
4. hypertonic diuresis

1. erthyrocytes - biconcave discs, anucleate
2. difference in concentration
3. force with which solvent is drawn across membrane
4. water loss through urine

hypertonic solution

• high solute in ECF
• water solvent leaves the cell
• cell shrinks (crenation)
• greater solute conc. than the reference solution

• high solvent in ECF
• water solvent flows into cell
• cell expands + may rupture (lysis, hemolysis)
• lower solute conc. than reference solution

• equal solute in ICF and ECF
• no net movement
• # of molecules inside = # of molecules outside
• most IV's are isotonic

• separation of particles or molecules by solubility under pressure
• in the kidneys, filtration is driven by blood pressure (a form of hydrostatic pressure)

1. carrier-mediated transport
2. two types

1. molecules move across membranes by attachment to protein carriers
2. facilitated diffusion, active transport

1. facilitated diffusion
2. active transport

1. movement of molecules across selectively permeable membrane by means of carrier with concentration gradient without use of energy
2. movement of molecules across the membrane against gradient, with the use of energy; Na⁺/K⁺/H⁺ pumps are active transport mechanisms

1. apoptosis
2. necrosis

1. "programmed cell death" - it is determined by the genes of the cell; in some malignancies, inhibition of this leads to cell accumulation
2. cell death due to trauma, lack of O₂, tissue damage

1. necrotizing fascitis - due to flesh-eating bacteria
2. fascia - subcutaneous connective tissue