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Definition
Mass production (assembly line), mass consumption (advertising), mass culture.
paying workers enough so that they can afford the product. |
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-After WWII, growth of suburbs increases.
-Car becomes more important. |
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| Differences between Fordist and Industrial cities? |
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| A Swiss architect and furniture designer who was important in the modernist wave. |
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| What were Le Corbusier's ideas about planning? |
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Definition
-Build up. Was not a popular sentiment at the time.
-Fewer cross-streets. Easier for cars to get around.
-Larger standard city block of 400 yards.
-Geometry, thinking about how to develop forms in cities, building industry should be industrialized, more standardization. |
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Definition
-Living with change, accepting it.
-A movement in many fields that sought to break with tradition and grasp the "eternal and universal" within "ephemeral".
-involves undecorated surfaces, clear edges, mass-produced components, angular shapes, honest expression of materials, and (importantly!) the rejection of historical precedent and ornament. |
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| When was the modernist era? |
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Definition
| Modernism began in the early 20th century, and became dominant at the end of WWII, ending in the 1970's with the tearing down of Pruitt-Igoe. |
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-Designed Steiner House, a modernist style home.
-Advocated removing all ornament from useful objects. |
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| Who was the founder of Bauhaus? |
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Definition
Walter Gropius
-Promoted using mass production techniques, and buildings for mass production. |
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Definition
Group of Italian architects who wanted to throw away the past, start with a blank slate. The problem is, people are usually attached to the past and you can't just get rid of it.
-Supported Italian invasion of Ethiopia. |
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Definition
-Literally "built house"
-Not clear where the front of the building is
-Furniture too
-The first Bauhaus building became a school. |
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Designed Illinois Institute of Technology, TD Centre, etc.
-Popularizer of Modernism |
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Architect of "Glass House" (1949)
-Wanted as few barriers between outside and inside as possible.
-Inside should feel as part of the landscape
-Was hired to design a mining town, but was never actually built. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Assemble land
2. Hire architects, engineers, round up financing, obtain approvals
3. Find tenants, operate building |
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Term
| Office building explosion |
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Definition
1960's
1. Creation of development industry
2. Expansion of white-collar (office) jobs in Canadian downtowns
3. Increasing dominance of large corporations
4. Government assistance |
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Term
| How Developers Make Money |
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Definition
1. Real estate transactions
2. Leverage
3. Economic height
4. Tax write-offs |
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Term
| Who was the architect of Place Ville-Marie? |
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Definition
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| Who was the developer of Place Ville-Marie? |
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Definition
William Zekandorf
-Also worked on UN in NY |
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| Who financed Place Ville-Marie? |
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Term
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Definition
Clarence Stein
-the answer to the enigma ‘how to live with the auto’ or, if you will, ‘how to live in spite of it'.
-The gridirgon is “a plan for facile plotting, surveying, legal recording -- but not a plan for living.” |
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| What are the characteristics of a superblock? |
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Definition
-Specialized roads
-Houses turned around (kitchen facing front)
-Lots of parks
-Neighbourhood unit (half mile radius, centring on schools and playgrounds, each have own shopping centre) |
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Term
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Definition
| A suburb is an urbanized, primarily residential community on the perimeter of a large central city that is both economically and culturally dependent on the central city. |
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Term
| What are the two main factors that brought on suburbs? |
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Definition
1. The changing geography of employment: as
industry moves toward more peripheral locations,
homes are built in their surroundings
2. The development of public transportation (i.e.,
especially street cars): people were able, for the
first time, to live some distance from their places
of work |
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Term
| 3 types of suburb builders |
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Definition
1. Speculative builders: bought plots of subdivided land
and built homes in anticipation of finding a buyer
2. Contracted builders: were hired by the owner of a
plot of land (e.g., a family) to build a home according
to agreed-upon specifications
3. Owner-builders: people who owned a plot of land
and built a home by themselves, for them-selves |
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Definition
1. Industrial (built by employer)
2. Affluent Suburb
3. Middle-Class Suburb
4. Unplanned Suburb |
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Term
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Definition
1. The Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation
(CMHC) is/was a federal government institution
that sought to promote home building and home
ownership |
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Term
| How did the CMHC influence development of Fordist suburbs? |
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Definition
(a) the insurance of mortgage lending (i.e., its financial assistance to developers and home-owners)
(b) its convening of design competitions for architects |
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Term
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Definition
A high-speed roadway that
is separated from the regular urban street pattern (e.g.,
the “grid”) and therefore unobstructed by the traffic on
regular streets. |
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Term
| When were expressways first introduced? |
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Definition
The construction of urban “expressways” began in the
Fordist period, largely after WWII; many expressways
were built, and many more were planned – but were
halted, in the end, by major protest movements in the
1960s and 70s |
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Term
| Why did the streetcar system fall out of style? |
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Definition
Beginning in 1936, a network of auto
and oil companies worked to buy up
and demolish urban streetcar systems; 100 street car systems in 46 US
cities were demolished; buses and
roads were used instead |
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Term
| How did the Cold War affect planning? |
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Definition
-Dispersal as protection against nuclear bombing
-Highways as evacuation routes |
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Term
| What neighbourhood was affected by the Ville-Marie expressway plans? |
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Term
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Definition
a form of urban planning that seeks to increase the “efficiency” of land use and traffic circulation in the city; its major features are
(a) slum clearance; (b) large-scale reconstruction of cleared areas; and (c) rehousing of cleared-out people. The construction of expressways and other efficient “arteries” is often considered to be part of urban renewal, as well. |
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Term
| The 1954 National Housing Act |
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Definition
provided federal funding (up to 50% of the cost of the project) for cities to buy up, demolish, and renovate sites of “slum” housing – but the cleared area had to be used to rehouse the former slum residents.
1956, Act allowed federal funds to be used to redevelop
sites to their “highest and best use” (i.e., probably not housing for the displaced poor). |
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Term
| What was "the long telegram"? |
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Definition
(1) Soviet Union is aiming for
world domination;
(2) Soviet Union cannot be dealt
with diplomatically;
(3) Therefore, the only option for
the US is “containment” strategy:
build a wall of allies around the
Soviets and undercut Soviet
influence elsewhere in the world |
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