Term
| When was the first conference on planning in Canada? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give a provisional definition of planning. |
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Definition
1. A collective practice
2. Focuses on transforming/regularizing socio-physical space
3. Involves a particular understanding of the city & future |
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Term
| What does James Baldwin say about the American dream? |
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Definition
Says it was built on the backs of black men
-Introduces concept of differing realities
-Says urban renewal is "Negro removal"
-Black people are just waiting to be evicted |
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Term
| Who wrote "The Bitter Cry of Outcast London"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Andrew Mearns say about why the poor live in such terrible conditions? |
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Definition
| They have low morals due to desensitization after being forced to live so long in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions. Often forced to take the moral low road because more money can be made by thievery than by honest work, and employment is often exploitive. They are forced to live near the centre, where they work, and new housing project rent is too expensive, so they're forced to crowd even closer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Establishment of large scale factories, coal & steam powered production, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of people from rural areas to cities, and from Europe to settler colonies like Canada & US. |
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Term
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Definition
| States begin to take on a broader responsibility to citizens, and a "state system" begins to cover globe. |
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Term
| What do we mean by new social order in reference to the industrial revolution? |
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Definition
| A new set of class and gender relations emerges. |
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Term
| What do we mean by a new spatial order in the industrial revolution? |
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Definition
| The materiel conditions in which people lived are transformed; new problems identified (overcrowding), new solutions proposed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social surveys emerged in the mis 1800s. They focused on poor urbanites and sought to bring attention to materiel conditions in which people lived, as well as their moral and physical health. Often written by doctors. They produced through first hand accounts from door-to-door visits and the results were supposed to stimulate action. |
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Term
| Who was James Kay Shuttleworth? |
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Definition
| A doctor who wrote a social survey called "The moral and physical condition of the working-class employed in the cotton manufacture on Manchester". |
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Term
| Who wrote social surveys? |
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Definition
| Concerned wealthy citizens. Often doctors. |
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Term
| Who was Herbert Brown Ames? |
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Definition
| Wrote a social survey of Montreal called "The city below the hill" |
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Term
| What did the social surveys usually have to say about the poor and their living conditions? |
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Definition
-Filthy conditions, like a guided tour of the slums
-Overcrowded, had concerns of children and adults sleeping in same rooms/beds as adults
-Maze-like, undivided domestic spaces
-Immorality abound - adultery, thievery, atheism
-The result is disease, ill-health |
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Term
| Who wrote and photographed "How the Other Half Lives"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define environmentalism in terms of explaining social conditions. |
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Definition
| The belief that materiel conditions shape opportunites, behaviors, & experiences. (moral and physical health) |
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Term
| Miasmatic Theory of Disease |
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Definition
| Belief that infectious diseases are spread through "bad air" or "foul gasses" (spread through rotting organic matter) |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that infectious diseases are spread through germs. |
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Term
| How is the role of norms explained in social conduct? |
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Definition
-Belief about proper behaviors and/or conditions, distinguishes between "normal" and "pathological"
-Descriptions of materiel conditions depend on implied "social norm" ("ill-furnished", "overcrowded")
-"Pathologies" could not be heard, no voice
-"Normal" people described as heroes |
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Term
| Why were waterworks taken over by the government from the private sector? |
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Definition
| Part of planning initiatives targeting "Moral and Physical Health" |
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Term
| Why were building codes first introduced? |
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Definition
| As a part of planning initiatives targeting "Moral and Physical Health", called for more ventilation to prevent miasmas, division of living spaces, etc. |
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Term
| What was the point of model housing? |
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Definition
| For a small profit, so-called "philanthropy at 5%", investors could invest ...(FIX) |
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Term
| What were the 3 points for the Classical Revival? |
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Definition
1. Perspective- like with art, conveyed sense of depth, pointing towards certain point. Straight streets, cities re-designed (Paris) to support perspective
2. Symmetry- in individual buildings and overall streetscape, organizing principle.
3. Vista- Make sure streets lead to something, monument, scenic view (Mont Royal), etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| like with art, conveyed sense of depth, pointing towards certain point. Straight streets, cities re-designed (Paris) to support perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| in individual buildings and overall streetscape, organizing principle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Make sure streets lead to something, monument, scenic view (Mont Royal), etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Haussman, "Prefect of the Seine" (mayor) during Napoleon III |
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Term
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Definition
Renovated Paris under Napoleon III
-Carved straight, wide streets leading to centre
-Made all buildings certain height
-Wanted to break up poor, working class in order to avoid protests |
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Term
| Who designed Central Park? |
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Definition
| Frederick Law Olmstead Sr. |
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Term
| What was Olmstead trying to achieve by building parks? |
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Definition
Make rural landscape within city
-Place where lack of outside stresses and conflict, for peace, harmony
(EXPAND) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Olmstead in montreal - mont royal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The City Beautiful Movement |
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Definition
An approach to planning that emphasized
1. aesthetic
2. nice arrangement of buildings, roadways, park spaces
3. prominent symbols of civic belonging |
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Term
| Who designed the Chicago World's Fair? |
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Definition
Daniel Burnham, Chicago-based architect; his
architectural firm was profitable
enough that he could undertake
urban planning initiatives for
free (pro bono) |
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Term
| What did Burnham's 1909 Plan for Chicago involve? |
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Definition
-Building right on the water, had nice reflection like Paris
-Creates straight buildings, rivers, etc. |
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Term
| What does John Locke say about land ownership? |
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Definition
| It belongs to those who improve it. The workers, not the owners. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
City efficient is an approach to urban planning that
involves: (a) a mathematical understanding of urban space and
urban society; (b) a determination to understand and manage the
city “as a whole”; (c) a focus on achieving “efficiency” in land use
and transportation (as the basis for achieving all other planning aims
-Replaced emphasis on beauty |
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Term
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Definition
Literally means “no place” (from the
Greek ou, meaning “not,” and topos, meaning “place”); in practice, utopia usually refers to a society that does not yet exist and that would involve a major transformation of the present society’s power relations. |
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Term
(1) What does zoning regulate?
(2) What purpose might zoning serve?
(3) Why might it be hard to establish zoning? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where was the first comprehensive land use zoning ordinance? |
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Definition
| New York in 1916. Regulated land uses, building heights & area (or "bulk") |
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Term
| What does comprehensive planning/zoning entail? |
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Definition
(1) collection of detailed, quantitative data;
(2) laying out of transportation and parks systems; (3) establishment of city-wide zones |
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Term
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Definition
(1) To provide a vision for a new society that will be created within, or alongside, the existing society
(2) To show that society could be different, and to motivate action to transform the existing society |
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Term
| Who wrote "Conditions of the Working Class in England"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who planned and built New Harmony and what were the aims? |
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Definition
Robert Owen.
-Improved housing, education
-Different society, more collective. Children to be raised by community, not parents |
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Term
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Definition
Frances Wright.
-Wanted to educate slaves to prepare them for freedom |
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Term
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Definition
Garden cities
-Effort to change society
-More green space
-Half-way point between town and country
-Pre-cursor to suburbs
-Letchworth
-Hampstead
-Welwyn |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Methodist missionary toured Coast Salish territories
in the 1870s and 80s; reported that Salish homes promoted immorality and ill-health |
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Term
“Civilizing” aboriginals involved the
introduction of: |
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Definition
(1) new modes of subsistence (i.e., agriculture and wage labour);
(2) new norms of masculinity (i.e., individualism, material support of immediate family); and
(3) new norms of femininity (i.e., custodian-ship of the home) |
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Term
| Daniel Burnham also worked in what US occupied country? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the 2 major US planning operations in Haiti? |
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Definition
1. Medicine & public health
-rampant malaria, gout
-needed to protect soldiers
-Closed top medical school
-Now Haitian medical staff out of work, haitians don't know how to take care of health
2. Road building
-help economy so they can pay back debts to US
-Vey expensive to maintain, at least with dirt roads, easily fixable |
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Term
| planning and margins worthwhile assumptions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who emphasized history and the "social environment" in their social survey of Philadelphia? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did the Jim Crow laws affect planning in the US south? |
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Definition
left the black population of Southern cities more
and more marginalized (deprived of the opportunities and amenities that the white population had)
-organized according to "separate but equal" ideology |
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Term
| How did the formation of "civic leagues" and "neighbourhood unions" give black residents of New Orleans and Atlanta a voice? |
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Definition
| They were able to challenge inequalities in city provided services & amenities. |
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Term
| Who was Lugenia Burns Hope? |
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Definition
| Formed Neighbourhood Union in Atlanta, organized volunteer neighbourhood cleanups, offered health classes, petitioned city for better playground, streets, etc. |
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Term
| Contributions of Anti-Racist Planners |
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Definition
1. In racist social conditions, the living conditions of
African Americans were often very poor (e.g., lacking in sanitation, recreational facilities)
2. Whereas white planners usually blamed degraded
conditions of the people themselves, or sought to
transform their environment to “uplift” them, antiracist African American planners sought to address the social and political causes of such conditions
3. In coming together at the neighbourhood level and making neighbourhood-relevant demands, these new organizations pioneered “neighbourhood planning” |
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