• harder for disease to jump between plants
• beneficial to plant bananas in these crops -- monoculture plantation (w Cacao, Coffee, Erythrina)

• seed plants with compound leaves
• Gymnosperm
• Dioecious

• Monocots
• NOT real wood  (do not have 2ndary growth)

• NOT wood
• modified Rhizomes

• are non vascular land plants that reproduce via spores

• peat moss --> used as a bedding material by gardeners.  used as a home heating fuel during WWI and to dress wounds (antiseptic)
• liverworts --> similar to peat moss and has medical properties...

spore bearing:  ferns, horsetail, mosses, liverworts

• NA:  sunflower, strawberry, cranberries, concord grape, wild rice, pecans, black walnut, goosefoot
• Mexico:  corn, avocado, papaya
• Andes: potatoes, black pepper, cotton, tabacco, beans.
• amazonia: cassava, yams, tree fruits
• FC: barley, wheat, oats, rye
• SChina: rice, eggplant
• WAfrica: sorghum, yams, cowpea
• New Guinea: yams, bananas, sugar cane,

B: Sclerenchyma, its fibers are in the seconday xylem

C: the entire vascular bundle is removed and used for textiles or cordage

N: the non-starch polyssacharides -- cellulose, dextrin, lignin, pectins...

FR: several main roots. commond to many MONOCOTS. == Grasses

TR: a large root that gives rise to smaller lateral roots.  Biennials- they can be enlarged during their storage period which is in the 2nd year.

=== Carrots, Turnips, Beets

is a living FOSSIL

Gymnosperm

used as in landscaping bc is tolerant to air pollution

seeds are used medicinally to improve memory and concentration

Gymnosperm

E: produces Ephedrine an pseudoephedrine (alkaloids)

-- used as a stimulant, appetite depressant.

1. Sugar Beet -- Coffee & sugar (Europe)

2. Quinoa -- Cereal  (Andes of S.America)

Achene: sunflower seeds

Aggregate fruits: Strawberries, blackberries

Berry: Tomato, grape, blueberries, lulo, tomate de arbol

Drupe: cherries, peaches, plums, mango

Hersperidium: oranges, lemons. citrus

Multiple fuit:  Pinapple

Pepo: pumpkins, melons, cucumbers

Pome: appleas Pears

True Nut: hazelnut, chestnut, acorns

• Asteraceae: sunflower seeds.  SNACK. E.NorthAmerica
• Orchidaceae: vanilla flower. Flavouring. O-Mexico Now-Madagascar
• Fabeceae:  Peanut. SNACK. O-S.A Now-worldwide
• Poaceae (Graminae): Wheat. O- Fertile C. Now-worldwide

eaten in savoury dishes (main course meals)

Leaves -- lettuce, spinash

Roots -- carrots, radish

Stem -- celery, asparagus

Flowers -- Broccoli, couliflower

Fruits -- Cucumber, squash,  Nightside family:tomatoes, eggplant, bell peppers

Plant estrogens

Effects:   lower LDL levels, reduce menopause symptoms, and inhibit the formatoin of growth tumours

TuberouR: modified fibrous root. fleshy. enlarged to serve as a food reserve. function in asexual repro. ===sweet potatoes, casava

TapR: enlarged primary roots. biennial ==carrot

Corm: modified stem.  monocot. == Taro

Tuber: enlarged storage tip of rhizomes. the eyes of the potato are in teh buds which are located at the nodes. modified version of a dicot stem that has an enlarged pith. == Potato, Yam

Euphoribiaceae

Rubber tree Family

Veg: Cassava

poisonous crop !!

Other families -->Astereceae:  Lettuce, dandelion..

A flowering plant that takes 2 years

Yr1: grows stem,leaves + roots and then enters a period of dormancy over the cold months where they accumulate food storage.

Yr2: growth!!

=== Radish, Carrots, Beets

SECONDARY plant product

(large group of hydrocarbons)

plant compds:  Resins, Latex, Essential Oils, Taxol

Queen Anne Lace

• carrots were originally PURPLE and branched.

• ORGANGE variety was breed by the Dutch due to the pigment "beta carotene" that transforms in to Vitamin A when digested

H:aromatic,temperate plants whose leaves and seeds can be used as seasoning.  ==mustard, oregano, parsley,rosemary, garlic, cilantro, celery

S:aromatic plants native to tropical regions. ==vanilla, cinnamon, chili powder, cloves, cumin, saffron

** no clear distinctin and some can be considered either or **

Saffron:flowers dont bloom all at once. crop under constant supervision.no mechanical harvesting

Wasabi:grows underground and underwater. labour. no mechanical harvesting.

H: word of mouth. obersvation and imitation from neighboors.

V: parents teach their offspring about familiar spice-use traditions

used in Chinese medicine as an immune stimulant, can also be used in Cardiovascular pharm, heart failure --ischemia,artherosclorosis, metabolic complications (diabetes, stress).

historical evidence is its growth in the wild ~400yrs

one of the TOP SELLING HERBS -- Ontario is the major player (50-70mil)

Tea:made from the terminal bud + 2 leaves.

Black=whitered,fermented by enzymes, leaves are dried which is what turns them black.

Green:leaves are NOT withered (maintein the green color), they are steamed, rolled and dried.

Oolong:semi-fermented. leaves are partially withered sothey have the orange greenish brown color.

Lapsang:leaves are withered over pine or cedar fires + oxidized before fully dried in bamboo baskets over buring pine.

Tea Bags - 1904

1. berries (fruits) are picked by hand which contain two seeds.
2. pulp removed by wet/dry process and the seed coats are removed.
3. roasted- is where the beans acquire the taste and aroma due to the roasting temperatures
4. grounding- which reduces their storage life (but vaccum packing slows deterioration)

Decaffeined--solvent used

1. Therapuetic Claims: how to mitate or prevent disease, or disorder

2. Risk Reduction Claims: reduce the risk of developing a specific disease by altering a risk factor.

3. Structure-Function Claims: how it affects the structure and physiological function in the body or supports it.

A: mango, pistachos, cashews

E: blueberry, cranberry

R: apples, pears, strawberry

Ru: oranges, tangerines, lemons, grapefruits

V: grapes

Europeans: SILPHIUM -contraceptive.abortifactant

Native Americans:

PURPLE CONEFLOWER - (echinea) prevention of cold and flu. not effective to treat in children.

BlOOD ROOT (sanguinara c) cough, laryngitis, bronchitis, emetic,anti cancer.

WITCH HAZEL - (hamamelis v) muscle throat and pains. today is a topical astringent

A.Chinese: GINSENG - immune system revitalizer and stimularnt.

TN: dry, hard, one-seeded simple fruits that are protected by an ovary. ===walnut, butternut,pecan

N: "the kitchen definition". a large oily kernel within a shell used in food. ==almonds, coconut, peanut, pistacho, pine nut.

St. John's Wart: (hypericum perforatum)

depression by raising the levels of Serotonin

Gingko: a living fossil. treatment of AzD. improvement in brain function, concentration and short-term memory enhanced.

Saw Palmetto (serenoa repens): BPE - bening prostate enlargement.

Inhibits alpha reductase the one that converts testosterone into DHT.

• Steam Distillation: volatile oils. steam is converted into liquid == Lavender.

• Steam Extraction: solvent (hexane, supercritical CO) used to extract the oils. COMPLEX. == Jasmine

• Compression: crushing oil glands. == Most citrus oils

• Infusion:  plant is placed in hot water and the cell membrane ruptures and water captures the essence.

• Leaf-petiole cutting: young plant cut. =African violet
• Lateral Vein cutting: monocot leaves are cut in two inches at right angles. Streptocarpus
• Leaf Slashing: cut from undersides of leaf veins. =Begonia
• Foliar Embryos: independent plantelets are formed along the margins of the leaves. 
• Stem cutting: the stem must survive until they root. common practice. ==house plants
• layering: SIMPLE-> bending a branch down, apply a hormone rooting power. ==Rhodedendron.  AIR-> upward cut thru a node, roots will develop ==rubber plants.

• Grafting/Budding: a cutting, short length of stem of one plant is attached to another the one w the root is the rootstock. both meristemic tissues unite.==apple plantations.