In the axil in each leaf is an axillary bud. New cells are produced at these growing points.

Monocotyledon:

1) How many cotyledon does it have?

2) Describe their veins.

3) Vascular bundles

4) roots

5) Parts of flowers

1) One

2) They have parallel veins

3) They have scattered vascular bundles. (Numerous)

4) They have adventitious roots

5) Part of flowers two or three

Dicotyledon

1) How many cotyledon does it have?

2) Describe their veins.

3) Vascular bundles

4) roots

5) Parts of flowers

1) it has two

2) Their veins are branched and are all in a network.

3) Their vascular bundles are in a ring.

4) They have branching roots.

5) Parts of flowers are four or five

Pathway of diffusion between external air and surface of mesophyll spongy cells

supports leaf tissue and enables xylem and phloem to service mesophyll cells closely.

 delivers water to leaf cells. A longitudinal set of tubes that conduct water from the roots upwards through the stem to the leaves.

Modification: Stem modification. Onions.

Short vertical underground stems.

Many fleshy highly modified leaves for the storage of nutrients.

Strawberry:

The horizontal stems called the runners spread out from the main body of the plant.

At point the stem touches the ground new roots form.

If the horizontal runner is broken from the middle, it establishes itself independently.

The horizontal stem is an adaptation for finding water.

Leaves are reduced to spines to prevent water loss.

The stem carries out photosynthesis.

The stem is enlarged for the storage of water.

Root Modification.

Potato.

The potato is an underground root tip modification.

The ‘eaten potato’ contains the carbohydrate and protein stores for the growth.

The ‘eyes’ are in fact the axillary bud.

Carrot

The root modification allows the storage of water in the cortex.

occur at the tips of a plant and roots.

They are responsible for the primary growth and in length

form from the cambium cells in the centre of the vascular bundles.

They are responsible for the secondary growth. (involves addition of vascular tissue. Secondary phloem and xylem)  In result, increases the girth of the stem. Which therefore gives a strong support and the plant would be able to withhold its mass and grow stronger.

When the lateral meristem occurs: first, there is a ring of cambium formed.

is a plant growth hormone. So when the unilateral light comes, the auxins are on the opposite sides.

Auxins are produced at the tip, and they are transported.

If a plant is grown in a dark area, the plant is called to be etiolated. This means it is fast growth. The plant is so desperate to find light, that it tries to reach out quickly which causes it to have lack of nutrients  and a weak stem.

Protective sheath around emerging leaves of germinating grass seeds.(First earliest part of the plant.)