Term
| What problems did aquatic animals overcome in order to survive on land? |
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Definition
| Gravitational stresses and acquiring oxygen |
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Term
| To which phlya do insects, crustaceans, and spiders belong? |
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Definition
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Term
| Four invertebrate phlya are commonly found on land. Which ones? Which is most successful? |
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Definition
| Flatworms, nematodes, segmented worms, and mollusks. The segmented worms being the most successful. |
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Term
| Are all arthropods able to survive on land? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are crustaceans arthropods? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two major groups of arthopods are best suited for living on land? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| They have a water-tight cuticle made of chitin to avoid desiccation, short life cycles and/or hibernate to cope with extreme temperatures, stayed small to fight gravity, kept sperm moist and strategic placement in females to reproduce, developed wings and silk to move around, and developed trachea to breathe. |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of arthropod bodies? |
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Definition
| 3-parted bosy, six legs, antennae, four wings, complex four-unti mouths. |
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Term
| How do spiders and arachnids differ from isects anatomically? |
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Definition
| 2-parted bodies, eight legs, no antennae, no wings, and much simpler mouth parts |
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Term
| Are spiders mostly carniverous, herbivorous, or omniverous? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can spiders fly, and if not, how do they travel great distances? |
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Definition
| No, they use silk instead. |
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Term
| What types of insects lived in the Devonian Period? Carboniferous? Cretaceous? |
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Definition
| Silverfish; dragonflies and roaches; beetles, butterflies and moths, flies and mosquitos, and bees and wasps |
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Term
| What four groups of insects suddenly exploded in the Cretaceous Period? |
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Definition
| Beetles, butterflies and moths, flies and mosquitoes, and bees and wasps |
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Term
| Why are there so many beetle specieson Earth? |
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Definition
| They have adapted to having wings and being able to dig without fear of harming those wings because they fly with their hind wings and using their front wings to shield them. |
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Term
| How did land plants evovle and what barriers did they overcome to survive on land? |
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Definition
| Used seeds, bulbs, and underground stems to avoid extreme temperatures; used wood to deal with gravity; used seeds, spores, pollinators, and defacators for transportation; used dormant organs, strategic life cycles, cuticles, wax, and hairs to deal with dessication; used stomata to deal with oxygen |
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Term
| Which came first, leaves, stems, or roots? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the parts of a leaf, and why are leaves engineered as they are? |
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Definition
| Epidermis with watertight cuticles and stomates on the lower surface to allow air to move in; palisade mesophyll with chlorplasts to make food; spongy mesophyll with chloroplasts and room to breathe; xylem to carry water up from the roots; and phloem to carry glucose throughout the plant |
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Term
| How do leaves function in relation to photosynthesis and respiration? |
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Definition
| Contain the chloroplast that makes glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Phloem are tubes that are used to carry food throughout the plant; xylem are tubes used to carry water to the roots |
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Term
| How did the leaves of pitcher plants evolve to kill insects? |
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Definition
| Attracts insects with nectar and color, traps them with hair, wax, and water, and extracts nitrogen and nutrients from them using enzymes |
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Term
| What distinguishes an apical meristem from a lateral meristem? |
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Definition
| Apical=taller, lateral=outward |
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Term
| Where does wood come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What differentiates a seed from a spore? |
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Definition
| Seed=multicelled with food reserves; spore=one-cell, no food reserves, wind-borne, and need moisture |
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Term
| What differentiates a cone from a flower? |
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Definition
| Cones do not interact with animals, flowers do. |
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Term
| Why are spore-bearign plants limited to moist habitats? |
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Definition
| They reproduce using spores which need water to survive. |
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Term
| Why do almost all flowers and ripe fruits exhibit colors other than green? |
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Definition
| To attract animals, which in turn carry their seeds, helping them to reproduce. |
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Term
| When did flowers first come into being? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How did the fungi adapt to survival on land? |
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Definition
| They used dormant spores to conquer temperature extremes; used dormant spores and parasitism to conquer desiccation; and used spores for transportation |
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Term
| Is cellulose a carbohydrate, and if so, is it a by-product of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| It is a by-product of photosynthesis. |
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Term
| What problem does cellulose pose to life on land, and how do fungi help to solve it? |
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Definition
| Cellulose is insoluble to organisms other than fungi and some bacteria. |
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Term
| What organisms other than fungi digest cellulose? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Recylce end products of photosynthesis, form symbiotic relationships with many higher plants, and some are used for food and medicine |
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Term
| What are yeasts and how do they benefit/harm us? |
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Definition
| Makes many different types of food/causes infections in humans and animals. |
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Term
| How can fungi cause us harm? |
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Definition
| Cause diseases and some are very toxic or cause allergies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thread-like strands of hyphae that seek food by growing in a root-like radial fashion. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a parasite and a saprophyte? |
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Definition
| Parasite=an organism that feeds on its host while it is still alive; saporphyte=an organism that feeds on dead organisms or tissues |
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Term
| What types of spores do fungi produce and what are their functions? |
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Definition
| Round or oval for being carried in the wind; zoospores with flagella for being carried by water |
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Term
| How are fungi classified? |
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Definition
| Oomycetes=not true fungi, really algae lacking chloroplasts; eumycota=true fungi |
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Term
| How are the emycetes classified? |
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Definition
| Basidiomycetes=mushrooms; asomycetes=dischareg spores violently; zygomycetes=moldy bread |
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Term
| To what group of fungi do mushrooms, toadstools, and conks belong? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes potato late blight? What is its historical significance? |
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Definition
| Caused by oomycete, and is the cause of the Irish potato famine in the 1840s, the demise of Irish Gaelic language, and were responsible for immigrants and the US Democratic Party |
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Term
| What causes ergot, and what is its historical significance? |
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Definition
| Caused by ascomycete adn is responsible for hysteria and religious fervor which led to the Salem Witch Trials |
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Term
| Did the first fish dwell in saltwater or freshwater? Did they have bones? Jaws? |
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Definition
| Saltwater without bones or jaws |
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Term
| How did jaws evolve? Teeth? |
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Definition
| Evolved from their gills and scales |
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Term
| Why did certain early fishes devlop kidneys? |
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Definition
| To expell water when they went from saltwater to freshwater so that they would not burst. |
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Term
| What is osmosis? Hyper-or hypotonic solution? |
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Definition
| The movement of water from high density to low density; hyper=much water, hypo=little water |
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Term
| How are animals classified? |
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Definition
| Kingdom, phylum, class, order, and family |
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Term
| When did bones first appear and why? |
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Definition
| The Devonian/Carboniferous Period; fish needed a source for calcium in freshwater. |
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Term
| What problems did the vertebrates overcome to be able to colonize land? |
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Definition
| Adapting from salt to freshwater; acquiring oxygen with lungs; overcoming gravity and walking with pair-limbs; surviving desiccation with skin, genitalia, and protected eggs |
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Term
| How did the vertebrates overcome these problems? |
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Definition
| Pteraspis developed kidneys; Cheirolepis developed bones; Eusthenopteron developed lungs; Coelacanth evolved limbs; Icthyostega was able to overcome gravity; Hylonomous had scales, amniotic eggs, and special genitalia to overcome desiccation |
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Term
| What skeletal adaptations were neccessary for amphibians to walk about on land? |
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Definition
| A massive skeleton to keep gravity from crushing their vital organs |
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Term
| What advantages do reptiles have over amphibians? |
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Definition
| Amphibians rely on water, reptiles do not. |
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Term
| What were the pelycosaurs, and what advantage did they have over their contemporaries? |
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Definition
| They had a sail on their backs that was used as a solar heating device. |
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Term
| What were therapsids and thecodonts? Which gave rise to dinosaurs and which to mammals? |
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Definition
| Thecodonts=gave rise to dinosaurs; most efficient runners, somewhat efficient warm-blodd; scales evolved into feathers for heat retention, teeth were all the same; Therapsids=gave rise to mammals; somewhat efficient runners, efficient warm-blooded-ness, scales evovled into hair/fur for heat retention, specialized teeth |
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Term
| Why did therapsids dominate over the thecodonts in the Permian? |
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Definition
| They retained heat much better than the Thecodonts in the intense cold times, and also began devoloping legs that were positioned more vertically on the body, allowing for a longer stride. |
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Term
| The reverse was true in the Triassic and Jurassic Periods. Why? |
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Definition
| The weather became warmer and the Therapsids were not at such an advantage, and the Thecodonts began to be able to walk upright and developed tails giving them the superior mobility. |
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Term
| How did the mammals manage to survive during the age of the dinosaurs? |
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Definition
| Their teeth became specialized, they began feeding their young with their milk, and their night-vision became better |
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Term
| What are the three different types of mammals and how do they differ? |
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Definition
| Monotremes=egg-laying, no nipples; marsupials=premature births, nipples and pouch; placental mammals=full-term birth |
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Term
| What are echidnas and platypuses? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are kangaroos, koala bears, and possums? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by plate tectonics? |
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Definition
| Pangea began to break apart due to the movement of the Earth's plates |
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Term
| What were Laurasia and Gondwanaland? |
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Definition
| The two super continents formed by the break-up of Pangea |
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Term
| What happened to the mammals after the continents of Laurasia and Gondwanaland split apart? |
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Definition
| Laurasia gave rise to placentals and Gondwanaland gave rise to marsupials. |
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Term
| What happened after North America joined with South America? |
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Definition
| Placentals dominated but opposums thrived and migrated to North America |
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Term
| What is parallel evolution? |
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Definition
| Two seperate species that evovled from one due different environments |
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Term
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Definition
| Lemurs and monkeys; 65 to 35 millin years ago |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proconsul=the common ancestor of humans and chimps; primate bipedalism occured 5-20 million years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| Lucy; 5 million years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| Tool maker, scavenger, opposable thumb |
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Term
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Definition
| Fire user, hunter and world traveler, and the ability to speak |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Land plants and jawed fishes; 440 mya |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bony fishes and amphibians; 408 mya |
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Term
|
Definition
| Coal age, swamps, insects rule; 362 mya |
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Term
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Definition
| Reptiles and protmammals; 290 mya |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dinosaurs and mammals; 245 mya |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dinosaurs and conifers rule; 208 mya |
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Term
|
Definition
| Flowering plants and fruit; 145 mya |
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