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move away from each other |
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where three plates meet with various interactions |
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-stable over time -don't move -initates at the core mantle boundary -rises up to the bottom of the lithosphere -melts the lithosphere |
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-heat: convection at mantle |
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N- natural occuring I-inorganic material C-cryataline structure E-electrically neutral with consistent chemical composition. 60 common minerals |
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external expression of the orderly internal arrangment of atoms -if free to grow in it's own place most mienrals have distinctive shape |
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the way the mineral reflects light |
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tendency to break along a predefined plane of weakness |
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the color of a mineral in its powdered form; may be different from its overall color |
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ratio of the weight of the mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water |
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a minerals resistance to abrasion |
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other ways to identify a mineral |
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taste, feel, smell, magnetism, chemical reaction, etc |
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other ways to identify a mineral |
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taste, feel, smell, magnetism, chemical reaction, etc |
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other ways to identify a mineral |
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taste, feel, smell, magnetism, chemical reaction, etc |
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other ways to identify a mineral |
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taste, feel, smell, magnetism, chemical reaction, etc |
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other ways to identify a mineral |
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Definition
taste, feel, smell, magnetism, chemical reaction, etc |
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other ways to identify a mineral |
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taste, feel, smell, magnetism, chemical reaction, etc |
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fingernails- hardness of about 2 penny- 3 stainless steel- about 5 porcelain- about 7 |
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-determined by x-ray diffraction -x-rays passing through a mineral grain are bent (like light through a prism) -constructive and distructive interference patterns produce a pattern -technique can measure distance between atoms and the size and shape of the electron cloud |
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grow by crystalization from magmas or from aqueous solutions |
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mineral growth-additons of atoms to crystal face requires |
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-concentration of the particular of atoms that can be incorparated into the crystal lattice (depends mostly on size and charge) -proper conditions for growth (temp, pressure, etc) -form and structure remain the same during growth -atoms are added along crystal faces, although some faces may grow faster than others |
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minerals are only stable over a fixed range of pressure, temp, chemical conditiosns -if a mineral is in equilibrium with it's enviroment than it is called stable -stability of a mineral is dependent on its chemical composition and crystal structure |
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a mineral that exists outside its stability range |
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are all defined by ions with negative charge . native elements are pure only one element. |
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-most important mineral group -95% of crust and mantle is silcates -basic building block is silicon-oxygen tetrahedron which consist of one Si atom surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms. -tetrahedron 4 charge |
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silicate tetrahedrons form minerals in two ways 1. the oxygen in the tetrahedra bond with other elements 2. the oxygens between adjacent tetrahedra are shared. -the more oxygens that a silica tetrahedron shares, the lower its electrical charge, and so |
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dividing silicate minerals |
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by chemical composition -felsic- minerals rich in silicon and aluminum -mafic: mineals rich in magnesium and iron |
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most common mineral at Earth's surface hard to break |
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most common mineral in the Earth's crust -easy to break turns to clay in crust |
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common in mafic and felsic rocks |
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common in mafic and felsic rocks |
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common in igneous and metamorphic rocks |
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major component of the mantle |
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most sulfides are metal ores because it is easy to extract the metal |
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heat the ore until the sulfer vaporizes, leaving metal behind. |
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contain members of the halogens |
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contain C032- 2nd most imporant element because they are the largest rock former outside of silicates. calcite most common. rhodochite- msot valuable. If you find this you will be rich |
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