Term
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Definition
-breakdown starch for beer fermentation and seed germination
-stem elongation and berry growth. cuts phloem |
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Term
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Definition
-cell division
-coutneracts apical dominance
-anti-aging |
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Term
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Definition
-reduces stem elongation
-increases radial growth
-leads to ripening-related enzymes that affect quality
-color, flavor, aroma, abscission |
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Term
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Definition
-low 02 reduces respiration rate and delays ripening by reducing ethylene
-increased C02 reduces decay
-ethylene inhibitors used commercially to delay ripening |
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Term
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Definition
Woody plants hard to root, so use grafting
rooting hormoe=auxin + talc powder |
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Term
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Definition
| Native American root pest that decimated European crop populations including French economy |
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Term
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Definition
| showed that purple and white flowers bred yield purple flowers. Progeny are not combo of mom and dad |
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Term
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Definition
used inbred lines of peas
emasculated plants to avoid self-pollination |
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Term
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Definition
-proteins for packing DNA into chromosomes
-different forms of one trait and how it visibly appears
-regulate genetic traits |
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Term
Test Cross
Di Hybrid Cross |
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Definition
-determines genetic makeup of plant. Cross with recessive form
-cross of individs differing in 2 traits (Law of Independent Assortment)
*yield 9:3:3:1 ratio |
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Term
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Definition
-ovule and anther. 2 divisions that reduce chromosome #
-meristematic growth. chrom. copies in daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
-cells of organism contain more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes. plants tolerate well, animals dont.
Triploid:bananas, seedless watermelon, Jonagold apples. males typically sterile bc of meiosis.
Hexaploid: wheat |
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Term
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Definition
If no 9:3:3:1 ratio, then independent assortment happening. Traits FURTHER apart more likely to cross over.
indian and asian banana breeds crossed, interspecific seedless hybrids formed with wider geographic range |
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Term
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Definition
weight of grain per plant
________________________
total plant weight +grain
-tells how many calories being used and wasted |
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Term
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Definition
-shuttle breeding: bred in both warm and cold regions to yield 2 crops a year
-Dwarf lines: to prevent lodging and increase harvest index. didn't like GA, but allowed more N fertilizer so 5x more productivity
-Nobel Prize |
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Term
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Definition
1. electro poration-brief high voltage electric current, pulse transfers DNA thru pores in solution
2. Agrobacterium-wound plant and agro. inserts DNA copy. causes crown gall disease in dicots (sink for phloem transport)
3. Bacterial DNA-plasmid and genophores (circular DNA which twists all over itself) |
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Term
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Definition
1. identify transformed cells with markers
2. transform cells in tissue culture
3. clone plant into many GMOs for trials and production |
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Term
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Definition
-agar
-plant hormones
-essential growth elements
-carbs/sugars for respiration |
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Term
| FC Steward-regenerated whole plants |
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Definition
1. carrot and blender
2. coconut milk bc liquid endosperm has cytokinin
3. cell clumps in agar to grow shoots and roots
4. transplant into ground or greenhouse
-Vasil and Haberlandt used differentiated tobacco stem cells and manipulated to express previously unexpressed genes |
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Term
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Definition
-insect resistance. use stacked genes
-contamination of organic crops. use set aside acreage |
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Term
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Definition
-first grown commercially 1996
-by 2009 almost 300 million acres of GM plants produced in 25 countries
-negative press began 1998
-Flavr Savr tomato failure
-USDA failed attempt to incorporate into organic cert.
-Bt pollen is potential toxin for monarchs
-superbug risk: what if gene migrates into human pathogens? |
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Term
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Definition
-cell elongation
-differentiation of xylem cells |
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