• Calcaneal Fracture,
• Articular disorders,
• tarsel Coalition,
• foreign body localisation,
• infection
• congential disorders,

• Pregancy and
• contrast allergy,
•  renal failure

• easily absorbed,
• fast scan time,
• good resolution and detail,
•  image manipulation (can get 3d images etc)

• Dose is high,
• Motion can cause beam hardening and streaks, weight,
• poor soft tissue contrast, expensive,

 not portable

• Image is converted to digital,
• data can be manipulated.
•  can be send to radiologist for reporting

1. Inefficent
2. limited data manipulation

1. good image quality
2. storage phosphors react to a rnage of xray exposures
3. reduced need for repeat exposures
4. abvle to print if req
5. less space, time, money for chemicals etc
6. allows post processing image manipulation

1. cost of equipment
2. new phosphor plates are $1500 each
3. cost of converting old images
4. scatter control is more important

what are 4 advantages of DR?

1. images are processed in seconds
2. images are better quality than cr and film
3. saves on film cost
4. most practical for high volume departments

1. need and entire new xray system
2. costs about 500,000 for one detector
3. detector plates are 150,000
4. might need anm accessory CR system for mobile theatre work

1. cost -increased efficiency
2. productivity
3. improved patient care
4. remote access
5. long term archiving

1. equipment costs
2. in transition need 2 systems
3. potential systenm failure
4. reduced interdepartmental consultation
5. widespread training required
6. quality of image depends on workstation your using.

1. athersclerosis
2. ischaemic Disease
3. Dissection
4. Stenosis
5. Thrombus
6. Chronic Occlusion
7. Traumatic rupture/occlusion

PTA used which radiographic technique? what does it stand for/

1. DSA - digital substraction Angiography
2. percutaneous Transluminal angioplasty
3. used for suspected occlusions stenosis, avm, haemangioma

1. Pregnancy
2. Allergy to contrast
3. renal impairment
4. unstable Patient
5. Inability to lie flat
6. recent barium procedure

- allows therapeutic catherisation of specific blood vessles

therapeutic procedure may be performed that makes surgery unneccesary

1. high radiation to pt and staff
2. possible nephrotoxity to contrast
3. blood product exposure 
4. invasive procedure
5. expensive

1. PET - Positron Emission Tomography
2. SPECT - Single Photon Emission 

1. cancerof breas, prostrate, and others that can spread to bone
2. trauma not visibleon xray
3. stress fracture
4. shin splint
5. osteomyelitis
6. atypical bone pain

trick question! there are 2!

1. pregnancy
2. breast feeding

1. high sensitivity for ealry detection
2. low risk of allergic response

1. low resolutio images
2. not specific
3. takes about4 hours
4. NM are highly specialised departments

Soft tissue pathology....

1. ligament damage
2. tendonitis
3. Masses, cysts, tumour
4. musculoskeletal #
5. compartment syndrome

1. metallic fragments behind eye
2. pacemakers
3. aneurysm clips
4. recent orthopaedic and dental hardware
5. claustrophic
6. fat patients
7. cochlear eye implants
8. spinal stimualtion
9. inserted pumps
10. some artificial valves

1. NO ionising radiation is used
2. superior soft tissue contrast
3. can scan in any plane
4. can tailor parameter to suite a specific q
5. can image blood flood in nealry any part of body wo/ injection of contrast

1. 5% of pts are claustrophobic
2. some ots may be c.i with implants
3. cant scan fat people
4. motion artefacts
5. very expensive scan (400-600)

1. dynamic images that permits accurate position prior to conventional radiograph

1. single contrast -  just radio-opaque material (usually iodine based) is injected into joint
2. double contrast - radio-opaque and air are injected

1. ligament injury
2. soft tissue trauma
3. adhesive capsulitis
4. evualte cartilage
5. loose bodies in joint

1. Pregnancy
2. allergry to contrast
3. infection

1. infection, local tissue damage, contrast reaction

1. long and technically difficult

1. investigation of primary and secondary lymphoedema
2. evaluate metastic involvemnt of lymph

1. pregnancy
2. allergy to contrast
3. local sepsis
4. poor renal function

1. DVT
2. assess distribution of varicosities prior to surgery
3. demonstrate communication between deep vessels
4. reccurent varicosities

1. poor renal function
2. pregnancy
3. local sepsis
4. contrast allergy

1. infection,
2. contrast reaction
3. extravasation
4. haematoma
5. pulmonary embolus