Term
| Competing Patterns in U.S. Foreign Policy |
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Definition
1) Isolationism vs. Internationalism
2) One "all powerful" policy paradigm vs regional or Ad Hoc policy approaches
3) "Politics stop at the waters edge" vs"Partisanship" |
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Term
| Seven Time-proved Advantages of Presidential Control of Foreign Policy |
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Definition
Executive Branch can act with greater speed and decisiveness.
Executive can act with greater secrecy (when genuinely needed).
Executive has superior information flow.
Congressional action is generally less flexible and tends to take a blanket approach.
Congressional action sometimes may be too responsive to popular opinion.
Executive can integrate negotiations and other options in a way Congress cannot. [difficulty of Congress formulating coherent overall policy].
Tendency toward greater partisanship in Congress. |
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Term
| Three Major Reasons Congress Cannot Compete With Executive Branch Over Foreign Policy |
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Definition
PAROCHIALISM – Congress is more oriented toward domestic than foreign affairs (i.e., re-election needs; constituency interests, etc.).
ORGANIZATIONAL WEAKNESSES – Committee system in Congress causes fragmentation of both power & responsibility. The Executive is more unitary/unified as a decision body.
LACK OF EXPERTISE – Presidency has greater command of technical expertise & ability to control the flow of information.
These THREE FACTORS explain the tendency of Congress to REACT TO EXECUTIVE INITIATIVE rather than seize the initiative itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| tried to check the power of the President. Requires the president to report the use of military action within 48 hours.Unless an extension is granted, the Act forbids armed forces from remaining more than 60 days (with a further 30 day withdrawal period) without a Congressional authorization or declaration of war. This Act has been regularly ignored by presidents of both parties (who all believe it to be unconstitutional). |
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Term
| Reasons for DOD Effectiveness as a Foreign Policy Actor |
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Definition
Immense size of the organization & budget.
Influence of the defense establishment with Congress .
Defense Secretary has presumed expertise in defense & foreign affairs. |
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Term
| Purpose of Department of Defense: what does it generally do |
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Definition
| Coordinates US military abroad * exercises military command over the nation's armed forces. Collects advices and analysis to President on national security matters, and collects intel for changing policy |
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Term
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Definition
| Senior military officers in each brach. Composed of Chairman, Vice Chairman, Army Chief of Staff, Air Force Chief of Staff, Navy Chief of Operations, and the Commandant of the Marine Corps. |
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Term
| The Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 |
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Definition
| Madethe JCS chairman stronger by naming them to be the principle military adviser to the President. |
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Term
| The U.S. intelligence community is made up of |
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Definition
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
National Security Agency (NSA).
National Reconnaissance Office (NRO).
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). |
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Term
| he National Security Act of 1947 |
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Definition
| he National Security Act of 1947 created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and role of Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). |
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Term
| “Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004”: |
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Definition
Was the most significant reorganization of US intelligence since 1947. Created the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and made him or her the new head of the IC. Made the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) a cabinet-level official (unlike the DCI).
The ODNI is not affiliated with any of the organizations within the intelligence community. |
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Term
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Definition
| spheres of influence agreed upon between FDR, Churchill & Stalin. |
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Term
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Definition
USSR gets territory from Poland; Poland gets German land in return.
Declaration on Liberated Europe – pledge of democratic elections in E. Europe.
Complete disarmament, demilitarization, & dismemberment of Germany; 4 occupation zones in Germany & Berlin.
USSR to declare war on Japan 3 months after VE day.
Decisions about U.N. (membership & veto) agreed upon. |
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Term
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Definition
Formed Council of Foreign Ministers (they got nowhere on German issue);
Debate on rehabilitation of Germany (US wanted to rehabilitate Germany; Soviets didn’t);
Decided on no set amount of reparations;
Reparations to allies come only from own occupation zones;
Demand for unconditional Japanese surrender (no mention of Emperor). |
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