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| a relatively long lasting, affective or emotional state. Moods differ from simple emotions in that they are less specific, less intense, and less likely to be triggered by a particular stimulus or event. |
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| a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings, thoughts, and behavior.Emotions are subjective experiences, or experienced from an individual point of view. Emotion is often associated with mood, temperament, personality, and disposition. |
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| the scientific term for "the process of thought." |
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| positive or negative feeling towards something. |
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| people acquire stable affective responses to particular symbols through a process of classical conditioning, most crucially relatively early in life |
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| affective intelligence theory |
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o Two systems (an affective dual process model)
Dispositional system- autopilot
Surveillance system-certain emotions warrant closer attention.
- Affective intelligence theory
o Are affective reactions to politics
o One dementional (based on valence) |
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| certain emotions warrant closer attention. |
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How do individuals cope with reminders of their own mortality
By supporting the leader |
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o Study 1: mortality salience -> support leader
mortality salience -> support any potential leader of just the leader |
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| word fragment completion task |
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| a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to his or her social position. |
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| impressionable years hypothesis |
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| Attitudes are particularly susceptible to influence in late adolescence and early adulthood but tend to persist thereafter |
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| lifelong openness hypothesis |
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| Attitudes are susceptible to change throughout the life course |
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What/who are the sources of your political orientations?
Family
Schools
Political Events |
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| michigan midel of party identification |
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Party id as an “affective tie”
Characteristics
Direction
Intensity
Theory: Originates from parental socialization
Parental transmission of direction of party id |
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1935-1939
Women’s college
1936 election (FDR vs. Alf Landon)
66% of students’ parents favored Republican
62% of first-year students favored Republican
43% of second-year students favored Republican
15% of Juniors & Seniors favored Republican
Why are the students so different from their parents? |
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| social adjustment function |
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Stage 1: Social-adjustment function
Becoming radical meant thinking for myself and, figuratively, thumbing my nose at my family. It also meant intellectual identification with the faculty and students that I most wanted to be like
Stage 2: Value-expressive function
Prestige and recognition have always meant everything to me.... But I've sweat blood in trying to be honest with myself, and the result is that I really know what I want my attitudes to be, and I see what their consequences will be in my own life |
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| value expressive function |
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| It didn't take me long to see that liberal attitudes had prestige value.... I became liberal at first because of its prestige value; I remain so because the problems around which my liberalism centers are important. What I want now is to be effective in solving problems. |
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| We define socialization gains in terms of expressed affect, information, and attitude crystallization |
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| gains in the formation of political attitudes. |
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Sex
Biological differences
Gender
Socially constructed differences often (but not necessarily) coinciding with sex
“Gender is a set of ways in which people and institutions make sex matter” (Burns 2002, 464) |
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| gender gap in public opinion |
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Explaining the gender gap
Personality
Role socialization
Life circumstance |
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| a simplified and standardized conception or image invested with special meaning and held in common by members of a group: |
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| There is neither time nor opportunity for intimate acquaintance. Instead we notice a trait which marks a well know type, and fill in the rest of the picture by means of the stereotypes we carry about in our heads” (Lippmann 1922/1997, 59 |
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o Some differences
Death penalty
Militarism
Social spending
Moral issues (some, not all) |
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| o Activation of belief stereotypes- belief that a black candidate might be more liberal |
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Civic Voluntarism Model (CVM)
Why don’t people participate?
They can’t (Resources)
They won’t (Motivation)
Nobody asked (Recruitment
Resources
Time
Money
Civic skills
“the communications and organizational abilities that allow citizens to use time and money effectively in political life” (Verba, Schlozman, and Brady 1995, 304). |
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| capaigns do not affect voting attitudes. |
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Racial divide in public opinion
Race, attribution, & sympathy for the victims of Katrina
Blame for the conditions in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina
Mechanisms? |
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| a coherent sequence of events expected by the individual, involving him either as a participant or an observer |
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| As opposed to old-fashioned racism, which is characterised by overt hatred for and discrimination against racial/ethnic minorities, aversive racism is characterised by more complex, ambivalent racial expressions and attitudes. [1] |
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| o The word completion tasks |
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| a particular type of amvivalence in which the conflict is between feelings and beliefs associated with a sincerely egalitarian value system and unacknowledged negative feelings and beliefs about blacks |
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| The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is an experimental method within social psychology designed to measure the strength of automatic association between mental representations of objects (concepts) in memory. The IAT requires the rapid categorization of various stimulus objects, such that easier pairings (and faster responses) are interpreted as being more strongly associated in memory than more difficult pairings (slower responses). |
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- Also used as implicit mesure of attitudes
- Logic of the measure
o Responses will be faster for evaluatively
o Congruent stimuli
o Responses will be slower for evaluatively oncongruent stimuli
- Do attitudes measured with subliminal priming predict behavior? Yes-under certain conditions |
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| Stanford prison experiment |
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| The Stanford prison experiment was a study of the psychological effects of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. The experiment was conducted in 1971 by a team of researchers led by Psychology Professor Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University. |
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| Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp produced by the firing of neurons within the brain. In clinical contexts, EEG refers to the recording of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity over a short period of time, usually 20-40 minutes, as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. In neurology, the main diagnostic application of EEG is in the case of epilepsy, as epileptic activity can create clear abnormalities on a standard EEG study. |
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| Functional MRI or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a type of specialized MRI scan. It measures the haemodynamic response related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals. It is one of the most recently developed forms of neuroimaging. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate the brain mapping field due to its low invasiveness, lack of radiation exposure, and relatively wide availability. |
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| Spontaneously and unconsciously integrates current goals, context, perceptions, and cognition into a whole that guides behavior |
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Recruited when the X-system fails to create coherent outputs from different inputs (alarm system activated by processing errors)
Conscious process |
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the sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, and social characteristics of an individual.
b. the organized pattern of behavioral characteristics of the individual. |
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| Content analysis is an indepth analysis using quantitative or qualitative techniques of messages using a scientific method (including attention to objectivity-intersubjectivity, a priori design, reliability, validity, generalizability, replicability, and hypothesis testing) and is not limited as to the types of variables that may be measured or the context in which the messages are created or presented |
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| - Assumptions of symbolic politics |
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o Symbolic predispositions learned early in life
o Symbolic predispositions are stable
o Elites attach symbolic meaning to A-O to active symbolic predispositions
o Automatic process |
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| - Criticism of symbolic politics theory |
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Definition
o Falsifiable?
o Citizen agency
o Context- varying weight of symbols |
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