Term
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Definition
| General justice is righteousness. It is a virtuous society via 2 areas of human conduct; proper conduct of individuals towards one another, and the poper conduct of individuals towards themselves. General justice is a state of human character. |
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Term
| What is distributive justice? Retributive? |
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Definition
A. Distributive justice is how a society decides to allocate its goods.
B. Retributive justice is what a society does if wrong is committed or the idea of wrong is present. |
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Term
| According to Aristotle, what is a Constitution? |
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Definition
| The arrangement of offices in a state. |
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Term
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Definition
Gathering knowledge by means of observation. The key to understanding Empiricism is to remember the word "verify/verification."
Or
A way of knowing that can be verified through observation or the senses. |
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Term
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Definition
| What "ought" to be. There is no empirical way to verify normative statements. They are opinionated statements, in a way. Normative values are important, but they require something beyond empirical values and verification. It is a knowledge of needs and the ability to persuade. |
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Term
| How does Aristotle classify constitutions? |
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Definition
A. Tyranny-Rule by one for the benefit of one.
B. Monarchy-Rule by one for the benefit of many.
C. Oligarchy-Rule by few for the benefit of few.
D. Aristocracy-Rule by few for the benefit of the many.
E. Democracy-Rule by many for the benefit of many.
F. Polity-Rule by the many for the benefit of all. |
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Term
| According to Aristotle, what is necessary to achieve social stability in a polity? |
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Definition
| Social stability is achieved when the many participate, but do not dominate-it is a balance of rich and poor that creates a stable middle class. This can be done by giving each class a role in the power structure of the state, but to deny ALL classes dominance. This is a mixture of the properties of Oligarchy and Democracy. |
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Term
| What is a mixed constitution? |
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Definition
| A mixed constitution is a form of government that integrates elements of democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy. In a mixed government, some issues are decided by the majority of the people, some by few, and some by a single person. The idea is commonly treated as an antecedent of separation of powers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Power gives us the physical capabilities to carry out an action and authority gives us moral permission to act legally. |
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Term
| Euripides favorite themes |
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Definition
A. Insight to human psychology-madness and obsessive love.
B. The sympathetic portrayal of women-Heroines.
C. An open questioning of the gods-such as the traditional Greek myths.
D. Philosophical arguments-what is weakness? |
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Term
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Definition
| Hecuba is the central character of the play Hecuba. Also she is the Queen of Troy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Friend to Priam and Hecuba that had been asked to look after their son so he could still ascend the throne if Troy fell. Instead, Polymestor killed the Prince, took his gold, and threw his body into the sea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Murdered prince who appears at the beginning of the play as a ghost to tell us what happened. |
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Term
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Definition
| Daughter of Hecuba and was sacrificed to Achilles' ghost after the fall of Troy to the Greeks, but not before stunning them with her beauty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another daughter of Hecuba. She was taken by Agamemnon as a concubine. Cursed with the gift of disbelieved insight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Commander of the Greek forces that sacked Troy and King of Mycenae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Odysseus was the strategist of the Greek forces who would refuse to help Hecuba save her daughter from being sacrificed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grounding foundation upon which a society is built, politically and philosophically. |
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Term
| What destroys the nomos of Hecuba's world? |
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Definition
A. The murder of a defenseless child.
B. Said child not being properly taken care of.
C. Polymestor murdered her child without guilt or proper burial.
D. The crime was commited out of outright greed.
E. Broken trust of friendship between Polymestor and herself. |
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Term
| What is Hecuba's new nomos? |
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Definition
| Her new nomos becomes one of revenge. She has no care for community or relationships. |
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Term
| What does the play, Hecuba, teach us about civilization? |
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Definition
| Society matches the fragility of human character. |
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Term
| What is nature versus nurture and what is its relevance to the play Hecuba? |
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Definition
| Nature versus Nurture is that people can either have predetermined personalities that are given to them at birth or genetics OR they can be shaped as they age in the environment they grow up in. OR it could be an amalgamation of both! This is relevant to the play Hecuba because Polyxena makes such a bold, defiant display of herself upon her sacrifice. Her actions make her mother wonder where she learned to be so brave. |
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Term
| How does Gene Robinson say the Nature vs. Nurture conflict is reconciled in the contemporary world? |
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Definition
| He says that recent discoveries show that DNA responds to environmental factors. |
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Term
| What is a political culture? |
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Definition
| Pattern of individual attitudes and orientations toward politics among the members of a political system. |
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Term
| What are the cognitive and affective components of a political culture? |
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Definition
Cognitive-what we THINK about political reality.
Affective-what we FEEL about political reality. |
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Term
| What are democratic/authoritarian cultures? |
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Definition
Democratic-Of, relating to, or supporting democracy or its principles; Favoring or characterized by social equality; egalitarian.
Authoritarian-Favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority at the cost of personal freedom. |
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Term
| What are Conflictual/Consensual cultures? |
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Definition
Conflictual-Violence is often the vehicle of solving communal issues.
Consensual-The will of the community is above the will of the individual. |
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Term
| What are Materialist/Post-materialist cultures? |
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Definition
Materialist-A community with great regard for monetary and materialistic possessions.
Post-Materialist-A movement away from the immediate needs of money, food, and shelter to focus more on aesthetic betterment of society as a whole for personal autonomy and fulfillment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of learning/handing down of values and norms from one generation to the next. Individuals do this through family. |
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Term
| What interest does the state have in socialization? |
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Definition
| The state promotes socialization through schools and communities. Socialization is a way toward legitimacy-right power or authority-legitimate power. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of ideas and ideals, esp. one that forms the basis of economic or political policy: "the ideology of republicanism" |
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Term
| What do ideologies do for us? |
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Definition
A. Help us make sense of reality.
B. Provide us with a reference point.
C. Address basic psychological needs.
D. Are always associated with interests.
E. Are powerful. |
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Term
| On the ideological continuum from left to right, what is the relevance of change? Of human nature? |
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Definition
A. Left-Change: Socially progressive, large changes, fast changes, radical methods. Lefties believe human nature to be essentially good and rational.
B. Right-Change: Socially wanting to move backward; wanting to return to some lost "golden age", small changes, slow changes, subtle methods. Righties believe human nature to be essentially evil and irrational. |
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Term
| Classic Liberalism Characteristics: |
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Definition
A. Document ex.: Declaration of Independence
B. Individual liberty.
C. Freedom.
D. Rational Capacity of Humans.
E. Autonomous Self-Government.
F. Limited Government.
G. Progress/Change.
H. Thomas Jefferson. |
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Term
| Modern Liberalism Characteristics: |
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Definition
A. Era Ex.: The Great Depression/The New Deal.
B. Expansive Views of Freedom.
C. Expansive Views of Government.
D. Protection.
E. Regulation.
F. Emphasis on the value of equality. |
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Term
| Classic Conservatism Characteristics: |
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Definition
A. Human beings are irrational, sinful, and self-interested.
B. Human beings need restraint and guidance.
C. Tradition/Customs.
D. Communities and Civil Institutions (family and religion).
E. Limited Government (by law).
F. John Adams. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Modern Conservatism: |
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Definition
A. Libertarianism.
B. Traditional Values and Local Community.
C. Civil Institution of Government and Law.
D. (Christian Right)Largely Protestant Evangelical Churches who take the fundamental word of the scripture-NOT Catholicism. |
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Term
| Positive Characteristics of American Nomos |
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Definition
A. Liberty.
B. Equality.
C. Democratic Republicanism.
D. Rule of Law/Constitution. |
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Term
| What are the negative characteristics of the American Nomos? |
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Definition
A. Apathy.
B. Mistrust of the "corrupt" government.
C. Anti-Intellectualism.
D. Racist Society.
E. Violent Society.
F. Lack of Community. |
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Term
| How may the American nomos be protected? |
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Definition
A. There are three means of transmitting/protecting the values of the nomos:
1. Education.
2. Participation.
3. Performance of the system/Critical Judgement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mass departure of people; The departure of the Israelites from Egypt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exodus as named in the Torah; literally means "naming" |
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Term
| How does Moses respond to the burning bush? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Moses' new vocation? |
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Definition
| To free the Israelites from Egypt. |
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Term
| Why doesn't Moses get to visit the promise land? |
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Definition
| Because it technically doesn't exist in a concrete, physical sense. The "promise land" is a state of being that doesn't involve constant subjugation. |
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Term
| According to Hobbes, what are the first three laws of nature? |
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Definition
A. Self-preservation/The Right of Life.
B. Social Contract.
C. Keeping the contract. |
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Term
| According to Hobbes, what is the state of nature and why/how do we contract out of it? |
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Definition
A. The state of nature is a constant state of war, simply because we have the right to be at war with each other.
B. We contract our way out of it by lowering our arms if everyone else lowers theirs and agrees not to pick them up again without good reason. We then form a Sovereign to make sure that contract is held up on all fronts.
C. We give up personal freedoms for the right to live peacefully. |
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Term
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Definition
A. The Sovereignty is that which is ruled by the Sovereign.
1. Sovereignty is absolute and indivisible.
2. It contains the right of self-preservation.
3. Acknowledges that wisdom in the Sovereign is to be HOPED for.
4. It acknowledges that Sovereign is not a party to the contract because it is the creation of the contract. There is no right to revolution, but there is a hint of an invitation to do so.
5. *Irony* Be careful about creating a Sovereign(taxation, conscription, armies, and laborers).
6. Order is essential to a moral world and to conducting business.
7. Anarchy of Sovereigns=>international politics. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between power and morality according to Hobbes? |
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Definition
| Power is essential to order, which is essential to morality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Main protagonist of the tragedy Antigone. She insists that her brother get a proper burial, but King Creon orders him to get a traitor's death and whoever buries him will be stoned. |
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Term
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Definition
| King in the tragedy Antigone. Orders the death of Antigone after learning that it was she who buried her brother, Polynices, but doesn't realize his mistake until it was too late. |
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Term
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Definition
| Creon's son, engaged to Antigone. Tries to convince his father that killing Antigone will only bring more death because the people sympathize with Antigone and you can't defy the law of the Gods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brother of Antigone who was exiled for an unknown reason. He instigated a civil war against his brother, Eteocles, in Thebes. This is why Creon orders Polynices a traitor's death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antigone & Polynices brother. Defended the crown in the Civil War instigated by Polynices. When he died, he got full military honors at his burial. |
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Term
| On what grounds does Antigone justify disobedience of Creon's laws? |
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Definition
| Antigone realizes that Creon's laws are just the laws of a man. She only needs to follow the law of the God's, which tells her to bury her brother. So she does. |
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Term
| On what grounds does Creon justify punishing Antigone? |
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Definition
| Creon argues that Polynices deserved a traitor's death because had he won the civil war he may or may not have had the intent of defiling Theban temples.This would be defying the laws of the Gods.Also he didn't want to look like a fool in his kingdom by letting Antigone go. |
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Term
How does Antigone narrow conflict and thereby represent the private realm?
The tribal species of politics? |
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Definition
A. Antigone narrows conflictby doing the deed herself and not letting Ismene take the blame for things she didn't do. Antigone did not gather a group of people to oppose the king's edict, she simply did it herself.
B. Antigone represents the tribal species of politics because she denies the laws of her State to follow the more important ritual/law of the Gods. |
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Term
| How does King Creon narrow conflict and thereby represent the public real? The individuated species of politics? |
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Definition
A. Creon outright declares that he is the King and, therefore, the State so he wasn't going to let one person undermine his power and give other people the idea they could do so as well.
B. Creon cares not about the law or ritual of the Gods over his law. He only cares about HIS rules being followed and HIM not being humiliated. |
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Term
| What advice does Haemon give to his father? |
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Definition
| Haemon advises King Creon not to be so violent and thereby allow people to voice their actual opinion without being scared that they only tell him what he wants to hear. |
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Term
| Both Antigone and Creon lack practical wisdom. What is practical wisdom? |
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Definition
| The virtue of phronesis. The capacity of moral insight to discern what moral choice or course of action is most conducive to the agent or the activity which the agent is engaged. |
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Term
| What are the form and the substance of the ancient Hebrew covenant? |
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Definition
A. Form:
1. Genesis-between the tribes and Yahweh; "if you follow my commandments, then I will bless you."
2. Exodus-between Moses and the issue of slavery; "In the name of the blessing of Abraham, free my people from bondage and slavery."
3. Judges (1390-1030)-Covenant is re-iterated into two forms to keep the tribes intact.
4. Amos/Prophet-The form of the brotherhood-the worship of Yahweh is not limited to the tribes but can be celebrated by all of Yahweh's creatures.
5. New Covenant-Prophet Jeremiah-worship Yahweh where you are, you don't need a temple.
B. Substance:
1. Ritual "Proper" Worship-sacrifice of animals, provides for social cohesion and gathering.
2. Observance of the Law and social interaction.
3. Monarchy-create one with objection and within the confines of a theory, and ideal king. |
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Term
| What is the Hebrew conception of the ideal king? |
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Definition
1. The king must be a native.
2. The king must not enter into relations with Egypt.
3. The king can't have too many wives.
4. The king can't have too much gold or silver.
5. The king must write down the Deuteromic code & know it.
6. The king must be guided by this code throughout his life.
7. The king should not be above the law, but under it. |
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Term
| What is the function of the priest and the prophet I in the HEbrew political arrangement? |
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Definition
| The prophet is the priest responsible for the proper rituals of worship and for blessing the king. |
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Term
| Covenant vs. Contract & Why might that difference be important. |
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Definition
Contract-agreement between two or more parteis for the doing or not doing of something specified (enforceable by law). Covenant-testament or a will.
Important difference because a contract can be broken, a covenant cannot. |
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Term
| What is the nature of the covenant in the preamble to the US Constitution? Of the contract in the Declaration of Independence? |
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Definition
A. Constitution:
1. Religious
2. Community
3. Obligated
4. Gift.
5. Task
6. TRIBALISM
B. Declaration:
1. Choice.
2. Reason.
3. Self-Interest.
4. Right.
5. Individualistic.
6. Secular.
7. Danger in seclusion.
8. INDIVIDUATED |
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Term
| What does Thoreau think of government? Of Majority Rule? Of obedience to authority? |
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Definition
| Thoreau was in facor of very, very, very limited government. |
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Term
| According to Dr. Martin Luther King, what is the difference between a just law and an unjust law? |
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Definition
A just law is a man-made code that squares with moral law or the law of God.
An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law. |
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Term
| According to Dr. MK, what is the proper mode or process of civil disobedience? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does civil disobedience hope to accomplish? |
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Definition
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