Term
| __________ is the study of the interactions of organisms and their environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ studies the number of individuals of a species found in an area, and the dynamics of a population. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is the study of how and why populations change in size over time. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is the number of individuals per unit area at a given time. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the pattern of spacing of individuals in a population relative to each other. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of dispersion patterns? |
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Definition
1) Random
2) Clumped
3) Uniform |
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Term
| A __________ dispersion pattern is when individuals are scattered in an area unrelated to others. |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________ dispersion pattern is when individuals are found in small groups or patches. |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________ dispersion pattern involves even spacing. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which dispersion pattern is rare in nature if it occurs at all? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which dispersion pattern is prevalent during feeding times, due to environmental factors, and is most common in nature? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which dispersion pattern is involves territoriality, nesting, secretion of inhibitors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four factors which affect population size? |
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Definition
1) Natality (Birth rate)
2) Mortality (Death rate)
3) Immigration (Entering population)
4) Emmigration (Leaving population) |
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Term
| A change in population size is due to what two main factors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation that is used to calculate the population growth and decline? |
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Definition
1) DN/Dt = N(b-d), where:
Natality = b
Mortality = d
N = Number of individuals |
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Term
| __________ __________ is the rate of change on a per capita basis. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation for growth rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ population growth occurs when the birth and death rates are equal. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the movement between populations. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main factors which affect dispersal rate? |
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Definition
1) Immigration
2) Emmigration |
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Term
| What is the equation to calculate dispersal rate? |
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Definition
1) r=(b-d) + (i-e), where:
Immmigration = i
Emmigration = e |
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Term
| The maximum rate at which a population may increase under ideal conditions is the __________ __________ __________ __________ or __________. |
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Definition
1) Intrinsic Rate of Increase
2) rMax |
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Term
| What three factors is the intrinsic rate of increase controlled by? |
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Definition
1) Reproductive age and reproductive span
2) Number of reproductive periods
3) Number of offspring per period |
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Term
| __________ __________ is an accelerated pattern of growth in a population for limited period of time, when optimal conditions apply and as long as their per capita growth rates remain constant. |
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Definition
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Term
| Exponential growth is best displayed through the __________-__________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In exponential growth, eventually the __________ rate decreases to around __________ or becomes negative (limits of the environment to support the population). |
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Definition
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Term
| The rate of population growth may go to __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ __________ is the largest population that can be maintained in a particular environment assuming no changes. |
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Definition
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Term
| A population under environmental limits shows __________ __________ (s-shaped curve) |
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Definition
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Term
Logistic Growth of Bacteria:
1. __________ __________ - No cell division occurs
2. __________ __________ __________ - generation time constant in exponential growth phase.
3. __________ __________ - reproduction and death are balanced in stationary phase.
4. __________ __________ - death rate exceeds reproduction in death phase. |
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Definition
1) Lag phase
2) Exponential growth phase
3) Stationary phase
4) Death phase |
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Term
| What two types of factors influence the size of populations? |
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Definition
1) Density dependent factors
2) Density independent factors |
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Term
| __________ __________ factors are those where the rate of mortality is a function of population size. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ factors are those where the rate of mortality is not a function of population size. |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________ __________ factors is an environmental factors that varies in influence depending on the population size (__________ feedback). |
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Definition
1) Density dependent
2) Negative |
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Term
| What are the four density dependent factors? |
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Definition
1) Predation
2) Disease
3) Competition
4) Parasites |
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Term
| When density dependent factors are increasingly __________, the population peaks and begins to decline. |
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Definition
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Term
| When density dependent factors are increasingly __________, the population bottoms out and begins to increase. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is an interaction between two or more individuals attempting to utilize the same resource (food, water, sunlight, etc.) |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ competition is within a population. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ competition is among populations of different species. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two types of sub-competition involved in intrapsecific competition? |
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Definition
1) Interference/contest competition
2) Exploitation/scramble competition |
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Term
| __________/__________ competition is when individuals obtain an adequate supply of resources at the expense of others. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________/__________ competition is when individuals each receive a portion of the resources; none receive an adequate amount. |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________-__________ factor is any environmental factor affecting a population by changes in density. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are four density-independent factors? |
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Definition
1) Usually abiotic
2) Frost
3) Storms
4) Natural disasters |
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Term
| Most ecologists explain the adaptive consequences of a populations life history through two extremes, these are known as __________ __________. |
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Definition
| 1) Reproductive strategies |
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Term
| What are the two types of reproductive strategies? |
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Definition
1) R strategy
2) K strategy |
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Term
| __________-__________ have adaptions which favor high growth rates. |
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Definition
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Term
R-Strategies:
-__________ bodies
-__________ maturity
-__________ life span
-__________ number of offspring
-__________ or no parental care
-__________ changing or unpredictable
-__________ colonizers; __________ competitors. |
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Definition
1) Small
2) Early
3) Short
4) Large
5) Little
6) Environment
7) Good
8) Poor |
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Term
| __________-__________ traits maximize survival when environment is near carrying capacity. |
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Definition
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Term
K-Strategists
-__________ life spans
-__________ reproductive age
-__________ body size
-__________ reproductive rate
-__________ parental care
-Relatively __________ environment
-__________ colonizers; __________ competitiors |
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Definition
1) Long
2) Late
3) Large
4) Low
5) High
6) Stable
7) Poor
8) Good |
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Term
| __________ __________ are when many species combine r-selected and k-selected traits, as well as traits that cannot be classified as either. |
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Definition
| 1) Intermediate strategies |
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Term
| In order to predict expected mortality and survival in a cohort, population ecology relies on __________ __________ and __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Life tables
2) Survivorship curves |
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Term
| __________ is a group of individuals at the same age viewed at different points during their life span. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the probability that an individual in a population will survive to a particular age |
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Definition
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Term
| In _________-__________ survivorship the young and those at a reproductive age which have the highest probability. |
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Definition
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Term
Type-I Survivorship:
-Decreases rapidly at __________ (high mortality)
-__________, bison |
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Definition
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Term
| In __________-__________ survivorship survival does not vary with age. |
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Definition
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Term
Type-II Survivorship:
-Rare in __________
-Random events cause death with no __________ bias (__________ spread evenly across all age groups). |
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Definition
1) Nature
2) Age
3) Mortality |
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Term
| In __________-__________ survivorship the probability of mortality is the greatest early in life. |
|
Definition
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Term
Type-III Survivorship:
-Individuals who avoid __________ have the highest probability of survival
-As __________ increases probability of survival increases as well. |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________ is a group of populations of different species interacting in the same habitat. |
|
Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is the analysis and study of patterns and processes within a community. |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1957 G.E. Hutchinson discovered that each species has its own ecological role in the community, or __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four factors which affect an ecological niche? |
|
Definition
1) Habitat
2) Food source
3) Competing organisms
4) Abiotic factors |
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Term
| A __________ __________ is a potential niche where an organism is capable of residing. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Fundamental Niche:
-__________ than actual niche
-__________ from other species may exclude a species. |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________ __________ is an actual habitat where resources are used by an organism. |
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Definition
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Term
| A realized niche is restricted by __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ states that no two species can completely ecologically overlap each other. |
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Definition
| 1) Gause's Principle of Competitive Exclusion |
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Term
Gause's Principle of Competitive Exclusion:
-No __________
-Fill __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Competition
2) Fundamental niche |
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Term
Possible Outcomes of Niche Competition:
-Competitive __________ (extinction)
-__________ displacement
-__________/__________ partitioning |
|
Definition
1) Exclusion
2) Character
3) Resource/niche |
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|
Term
| What are the two factor groups which affect interspecific competition? |
|
Definition
1) The Competitive Exclusion Principle
2) Resource Partitioning |
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Term
| The __________ __________ __________ is when two species with identical niches cannot coexist as one species excludes the other. |
|
Definition
| 1) Competitive Exclusion Principle |
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Term
| __________ __________ is reduced competition due to each species occupying a different niche. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of resource partitioning? |
|
Definition
1) Temporal partitioning
2) Spatial partitioning |
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Term
| __________ __________ is where the populations of two different species overlap, in which the species tend to differ more in behavior, structure, ecology, etc. than the same species in separate areas. |
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Definition
| 1) Character displacement |
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Term
| __________ is the consumption of one species by another. |
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Definition
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Term
| Predation can lead to __________ in which each organism acts as a selecting force on the other. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pursuit and ambush-trapdoor spiders are examples of __________ strategies. |
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Definition
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Term
| Spines, thorns, waxy surface, poison sap, and alkaloid compounds are examples of __________ defense strategies. |
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Definition
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Term
| Warning coloration, cryptic coloration or camouflage, and mimicry are examples of __________ strategies. |
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Definition
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Term
| In __________ __________, the mimic shares signals similar to the model but does not have the attribute that makes it unprofitable to predators. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is the situation where two or more species have very similar warning or aposematic signals and both share genuine anti-predation attributes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is acoustal mimicry? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is molecular mimicry? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ is an intimate relationship or association between members of two or more species. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the three types of symbiosis? |
|
Definition
1) Mutualism
2) Commensalism
3) Parasitism |
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Term
| __________ is an intimate long-term relationship which is advantageous for both predators. |
|
Definition
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Term
| __________ is a relationship where one species benefits and no harm or benefit is given to the second species. |
|
Definition
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Term
| __________ is a relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In parasitism, the __________ is within the host while the __________ is outside the host. |
|
Definition
1) Endoparasite
2) Ectoparasite |
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|
Term
| A __________ __________ is important in the functioning of the entire community; they are usually present in relatively small numbers. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A __________ __________ is the one most common in an area and has a large impact as a result. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is the number of species in a community. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ correlates inversely with environmental stresses. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is a measure of the relative importance of each species in the community. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ is the process of community development over time. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is the change in species composition in a habitat that was not previously inhabitated. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is a change in species composition after a disturbance removes existing vegetation. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Biomass and species richness change with __________. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Community Productivity:
__________ is the total energy captured (fixed by plants)
__________ is the consumption (organic to inorganic)
__________ is the available energy |
|
Definition
1) GPP
2) Respiration
3) NPP |
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Term
| __________ are the basic units of ecology and encompass all the interactions among organisms living together and interacting with their abiotic environment. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is the passage of energy in a one-way direction through an ecosystem and it obeys the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ __________ is the rate at which photosynthesis captures energy. |
|
Definition
| 1) Gross primary productivity |
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|
Term
| __________ __________ __________ is the available energy (energy that remains in plant tissues after cellular respiration). |
|
Definition
| 1) Net primary productivity |
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Term
| As __________ occurs, __________ increases and __________ decreases: although more energy is being captured, more animals are inhabiting these new niches. |
|
Definition
1) Succession
2) GPP
3) NPP |
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|
Term
__________ __________ __________:
-3% of earth's surface
-24% productivity
-__________ net primary productivity |
|
Definition
1) Tropical rain forests
2) High |
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|
Term
__________ __________
-65% earth's surface
-25% productivity
-__________ NPP because of limited nutrients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__________
-0.1% of earth's surface
-1% contribution
-__________ NPP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Animals that exhibit territorial behavior typically exhibit what type of dispersions?
a. Clumped dispersion
b. Random dispersion
c. Nonrandom dispersion
d. Uniform dispersion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The following dispersion pattern is rarely found in nature:
a. Clumped
b. Random
c. Uniform
d. Nonrandom |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The following factor affects population density in a positive (adds) way:
a. Natality
b. Mortality
c. Immigration
d. Emmigration
e. a & c
f. b & d |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following would not increase the population size?
a. Natality
b. Mortality
c. Immigration
d. r greather than 1 (r=(b-d) + (i-e))
e. All of the above would increase population size |
|
Definition
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|
Term
A population growth curve that has a "J" shape is characteristic of:
a. Exponential growth
b. Stabilized growth
c. Logarithmic growth
d. Geometrical growth |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Density dependent factor(s) that would influence population size includes all of the following except:
a. Competition
b. Predation
c. Disease
d. Natural disaster |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following statements regarding r-strategists is not true?
a. They produce many offspring
b. They are found in unstable environments
c. They have short life span
d. They provide a great deal of parental care |
|
Definition
| 1) d. They provide a great deal of parental care |
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|
Term
K Strategists include all of the following except:
a. Parental care
b. Large body size
c. Long life spans
d. Found in unstable environments |
|
Definition
| 1) d. Found in unstable environments |
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|
Term
Population whose individuals do provide high parental care, have high infant mortality rate, produce many offspring, and have long maturation times could be classified as:
a. R strategists
b. K strategists
c. Intermediate strategists |
|
Definition
| 1) c. Intermediate strategists |
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|
Term
Type I Survivorship includes:
a. Humans are an example
b. Rare in nature
c. Mortality spread evenly across all age groups
d. As age increase probability of survival increases too. |
|
Definition
| 1) a. Humans are an example |
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Term
| Which of the following would not go together: a. R strategy and Type I survivorship b. R Strategy and Type III survivorship c. R strategy and Type II survivorship d. K strategy and Type II survivorship e. a, c, and d f. a and c |
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Definition
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|
Term
Mortality rate greater than reproductive success:
a. Source habitats
b. Sink habitats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What would be some possible outcomes of Niche competition?
a. Resource partitioning
b. Spatial / Temporal partitining
c. Character displacement
d. Extinction
e. TWO of the above
f. All of the above |
|
Definition
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