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| the means by which conflicts are reconciled so policies may be agreed upon and implemented. who gets what and why. |
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| a form of government in which those policies are based upon the preferences of the (chosen: need not be universal) majority, as determined through elections or referendum. |
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| a contested term referring to progress, increased organization, an evolutionary process characterized by growth and differentiation, whether in biology, medicine, literature, economics, or politics. for our purposes, we are concerned with political, economic, and social development; |
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| Institutional democracy emphasizes the structure of the democracy supporting free and fair competitive elections emphasizing change in power. 62% of countries "democratic" by this definition. |
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| characterized by the ability of elected representatives to exercise decision making power subject to rule of law based on a constitution with an emphasis on protection of individual rights, horizontal accountability and a well-developed civil society. 45% of countries "free" by this definition. |
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| wmphasis on democratic systems in which individual's considerations given equal weight. regimes that have been substantially popularized and liberalized, that is, highly inclusive and extensively open to public contestation. |
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| 7 conditions for polyarchy |
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1.elected officials 2. free and fair elections 3. universal suffrage 4. right to run for office 5. freedom of expression 6. alternative information 7. associational autonomy |
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| 1828-1926, emphasis on 20th century democratization after WWI |
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| 1942-1964, some imposed democracies are installed, Ex: Austria, Germany, Japan |
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| 1974-present, began 1974 with overthrow of Portugal's dictorial regime, often characterized as inherently different than previous waves given globalization. |
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| emphasis on political equality, requires direct participation, limits potential for aggregation of power, empowers all by paying for public service. |
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| emphasizes self-government, accountable to community only, emphasizes right of citizens to participate, built on constitutional framework defining government. |
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| emphasizes instrumental importance of participation, balance of power between groups, no participation=tyranny, not seeking consensus through participation but seeking stability through the balance of power. |
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| developmental republicanism |
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| emphasizes intrinsic value of participation and the development of civic citizens capable of pursuing the public good. |
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| Rosseau's social contract |
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| survival requires more than individual strength, private=public they should logically align but: private interest of individual may diverge from the public interest, commitment to the social pact requires commitment to the public good. public good will be served if: people are informed, decisions are derived from active deliberations of those people, no "sectional associations" form at the expense of the public good. |
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founded on: individual liberty, constitutional state, private property, competitive market economy. |
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| characterized by: free and fair elections, state authority legally defined, state power divided into 3 branches, constitutionalism, rule of law, political liberties, civil rights, separation of state and civil society, competition among groups, interest groups. |
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| characterized by: liberal foundations, emphasis on citizen's involvement, voting, jury duty, participation in local government, universal popular sovereignty, constitutional checks to promote political and civil liberties, separation of function between elected officials and bureaucracy. |
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| emphasis on social/political/economic equality, only with equality can each individual fully develop, public good can only be achieved when all individuals are capable of developing to their potential and then society can fully develop with their participation, end of exploitation and discrimination, emphasis on equality and an active role for the state |
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