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| one of the 46 molecules of DNA (in 23 pairs) that each cell of the human body contains and that, together, contain all the genes. Other species have more or fewer chromosomes |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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| The molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins |
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| a section of a chromosome and teh basic unit for the trasmission of heredity, consisting of a string of chemicals that are instructions for the cell to manufacture certain proteins |
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| any of the possible forms in which a gene for a particular trait can occur |
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| the full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species |
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| a reproductive cell; that is, a sperm or ovum that can produce a new individual if it combines with a gamete from the other sex to make a zygote |
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| the single cell formed from the fusing of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum |
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| an organism's entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential |
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| the chromosome pair that, in humans, determines the zygote's (and hence the person's) sex. The other 22 pairs are autosomes, the same whether the 23rd pair is for a male or a female |
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twins originating from one zygote that splits apart early in development (identical twins)
triplets, quadruplets can occur as well |
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| twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm around the same time (fraternal twins) |
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| inability to conceive after at least a year of trying to do so via sexual intercourse |
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| assisted reproductive technology (ART) |
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| general term for the techniques designed to help infertile couples conceive and then sustain a pregnancy |
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| in vitro fertilization (IVF) |
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Definition
| Fertilization that takes place outside a woman's body (as in a glass laboratory dish). The procedure involves mixing sperm with ova that have been surgically removed from the woman's ovary. If the combination produces a zygote, it is inserted into the woman's uterus, where it may implant and develop into a baby |
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what one sees/genetic expression
personality, appearance |
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| interaction of many genes |
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| interaction of several genetic and environmental variables |
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| An international effort to map the complete human genetic code. This effort was essentially completed in 2001, though analysis is ongoing |
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| genes from each parent make active contribution to phenotype (skin color; height) |
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| dominant-recessive pattern |
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| the interaction of a pair of alleles in such a way that the phenotype reveals the influence of one allele (the dominant gene) more than that of the other (the recessive gene) |
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| A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype. |
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genes carried on the X chromosome
ex. If a boy inherits an X-linked recessive trait from his mother, he expressed that trait because the Y from his father has no counteracting gene. Girls are less likely to express them. |
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| a statistic that indicates what percentage of the variation in a particular trait within a particular population, in a particular context and era, can be traced to genes |
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| a condition in which an organism has a mixture of cells, some normal and some with an odd number of chromosomes or a series of missing genes |
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a condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes
three chromosomes at the 21st position
typically have distinctive characteristics, including unusual facial features, heart abnormalities, and language difficulties
also called trisomy-21 |
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| A genetic disorder in which part of the X chromosome seems to be attached to the rest of it by a very thin string of molecules. The cause is a single gene that has more than 200 repetitions of one triplet. |
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| Consultation and testing by trained experts that enable individuals to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful conditions that they might pass along to any children they may conceive. |
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| A genetic disorder in which a child's body is unable to metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine. The resulting buildup of phenylalanine in body fluids causes brain damage, progressive mental retardation, and other symptoms. |
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| result from removing a cell from a living organism and creating a second genetically-identical organism from this cell |
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