Term
| normal kappa-lambda ratio |
|
Definition
3:1 (kappa:lambda)
disruption of this ratio indicates a monoclonal (i.e. neoplastic) expansion.
Other things that can be used is G6PD/Androgen-receptor isoforms (both on X-chromosome) --> only used for females (takes advantage of X-linked lionization) |
|
|
Term
| epithelial growth with a fibrovascular core |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| minimal amount of divisions before a cancer produces clinical Sx? |
|
Definition
~30 divisions
some cancer that have a large area to expand (e.g. ovarian, lung, pancreatic) are detected later --> have more time to acquire more mutations & become malignant --> worse prognosis
screening is meant to catch cancer earlier (i.e. before cancerous change): digital rectal exam (prostate), pap, hemoccult blood, mammography |
|
|
Term
| Urinary retention in BPH or prostate cancer? |
|
Definition
BPH (expansion of tumor around prostate)
in prostate cancer, tumor is expanded on the surface --> must invade through to center or get in bladder to cause urinary retention (late) |
|
|
Term
Name cancer predisposed to for each carcinogen:
1) Aflatoxin
2) Alkylating agent
3) Alcohol
4) Arsenic
5) Asbestose
6) Cigarette smoke
7) Nitrosamines
8) Naphthylamine
9) Vinyl Chloride
10) Nickel, Chromium, Beryllium, Silica |
|
Definition
1) Hepatocellular carcinoma
2) lymphoma/leukemia
3) HCC, squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx/upper esophagus, pancreatic carcinoma
4) Squamous cell carcinoma, Angiosarcoma
5) Lung cancer >> mesothelioma
6) Carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder (urothelial carcinoma)
7) Stomach cancer (Japan)
8) urothelial cancer
9) angiosarcoma of liver
10) Lung carcinoma
NOTE: arsenic & naphthylamines can be found in cigarette smoke; Cigarette smoke is the most common carcinogen in the world (>1billion people smoke) |
|
|
Term
Name cancer(s) associated w/ each pathogen:
1) EBV
2) HHV8
3) HBV & HCV
4) HTLV1
5) HPV (16,18,31,33) |
|
Definition
1) nasopharyngeal carcinoma (asians/africans), burkitt's lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS
2) Kaposi's sarcoma
3) hepatocellular carcinoma
4) Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
5) Squamous cell carcinoma of vagina, vulva, anus, cervix; Adenocarcinoma of cervix |
|
|
Term
Name type of cancer associated w/ each type of radiation:
1) Ionizing (e.g. nuclear reactors, radiotherapy) --> generates hydroxyl free radicals
2) UVB --> pyrimidine dimers |
|
Definition
1) AML, CML, papillary carcinoma of thyroid
2) Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Melanoma (increased risk in pts w/ XP) |
|
|
Term
Name important oncogene for each cancer:
1) Astrocytoma
2) Breast carcinoma (subset)
3) MEN2A, MEN2B, medullary carcinoma of thyroid
4) GI stroma tumor
5) Carcinomas, Melanomas, Lymphomas
6) CML & a subset of ALL (adult-onset ALL, poor prognostic factor)
7) Burkitt lymphoma
8) Neuroblastoma
9) Small cell lung carcinoma
10) Mantle cell lymphoma
11) Melanoma |
|
Definition
Growth Factor:
1) Overexpression of PDGF (secretes & promotes autocrine loop)
Growth Factor Receptors
2) HER2/neu (ERBB2)
3) RET
4) KIT
Signal transducers
5) RAS gene family (~80% of all cancers has a mutation in this gene!): GTP-binding
6) ABL, i.e. t(9;22): Tyrosine kinase
Nuclear Regulators:
7) C-MYC, e.g. t(8;14)
8) N-MYC
9) L-MYC
Cell-cycle regulators:
10) CyclinD, t(11;14)
11) Melanoma |
|
|
Term
| p53 mechanism used to induce apoptosis? |
|
Definition
DNA damage is detected --> p53 slows cell cycle progression & upregulates repair enzmyes
if damage is too great: BAX is upregulated --> disrupts Bcl2 --> CytC leaks out |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of Rb inhibition of G1-->S transition? |
|
Definition
Hypophosphorylated state --> binds E2F
When CyclinD/CDK4 levels are high, Rb is phosphorylated --> release E2F --> S-phase transition |
|
|
Term
| 2 cancers that are increased in Rb loss? |
|
Definition
| Retinoblastoma & osteosarcoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Follicular cell lymphoma (Chr18 = Bcl-2) |
|
|
Term
| 2 growth factors important for angiogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in general, carcinomas spread via _____ & sarcomas spread via ______ |
|
Definition
Carcinomas = Lymphatics
Sarcomas = Hematogenous
Exceptions: some carcinomas like to go the hematogenous route:
- Renal cell carcinoma
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
- Choriocarcinoma
Seeding of body cavities (esp omentum) is a characteristic of ovarian carcinoma ("omental caking") |
|
|
Term
Name type of cancer associated w/ each stain:
1) Keratin
2) Vimentin
3) Desmin
4) GFAP
5) Neurofilament
6) PSA
7) ER
8) Thyroglobulin
9) Chromogranin
10) S-100 |
|
Definition
1) epithelium (carcinoma)
2) Vimentin (sarcoma)
3) Muscle
4) Glia
5) Neurons
6) Prostate epithelium
7) Breast epithelium
8) Thyroid follicular cells
9) Neural crest (e.g. small cell lung cancer, carcinoid)
10) Melanoma |
|
|
