Term
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Definition
| A long-day crop. It is boiled with sugar to make an. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to plant dry peas. The equipment must be capable of gently planting the seeds without splitting them. Most have shovel openers rather than disk openers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second top province for dry pea production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adzuki beans boiled with sugar. Used in deserts. Very popular in Japanese and Asian foods. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease which affects winter canola and adzuki beans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A desiccant used in adzuki beans. |
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Term
| Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) |
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Definition
| A crushing plant in Windsor that buys most of the winter canola from southwestern Ontario. |
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Term
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Definition
May be called by its sexual stage, Mycosphaerella
A disease which affects dry peas. Causes great economic damage to dry peas. Purple-black blotches on the stems, leaves, pods, and seeds. Losses are greatest with early infections. Common sources are pea stubble in the field, but transmission from neighboring fields is possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| A herbicide that can be used in dry peas. |
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Term
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Definition
| A herbicide used for post-emergence control of grasses in adzuki beans. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sixth top producer of canola in 2013. Spring canola is planted in the fall, which is their spring, and takes 7 - 8 months to reach canola. A major producer of canola oil. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease which affects adzuki beans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A herbicide that can be used in dry peas. |
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Term
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Definition
| A minor insect pest in adzuki beans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major use of winter canola in the US. Has lots of funding. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pest in winter canola. Pigeons and goldfinches. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease which affects winter canola. Used to be a serious problem, but newer hybrids have resistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor in quality of dry peas. Occurs as a result of rainfall or high humidity at maturity with bright sunshine and warm temperatures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiencies are rare in winter canola, but can occur, and have devastating effects on yield. |
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Term
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Definition
| An issue in adzuki beans. Caused ozone. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Ontario county where winter canola varieties were once produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| A crushing plant in Hamilton that buys |
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Term
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Definition
| A company in Harriston which provides the hybrid winter canola variety Visby. An agent of NPZ. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in winter canola. The biggest threat to winter canola. Lays eggs in the seed pod during seed-filling. The larvae feed on seeds, causing yield loss and reduction in grade. Scouting is pivotal: can only be controlled at certain stages because they are protected from pesticides once they enter the seed pod. The most optimum time for control is just after first flower. Second applications may be necessary. Cabbage seed pod weevil was bad in the last 3 years. Most Ontario fields are sprayed for them. It was a problem in winter canola before it became a problem in spring canola. |
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Term
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Definition
The largest producer of dry peas from 2005 to 2008. Produces 30% of the world's dry peas. Dry pea production has risen dramatically in Western Canada since 1990, from essentially nothing. Canada produces 3.3 million tons of dry peas, slightly more than soybeans. Has 3.7 million acres of dry peas, about the same as soybeans. Saskatchewan is the top dry pea producing province, followed by Alberta and Manitoba. Canada exports 60% of world dry pea exports. Exports to India, China, Turkey, Bangladesh, US, UAE, Europe (UK, France, Spain), North America, and South America.
Canada was the world's largest producer of rapeseed in 2013. A major producer of canola oil.
Adzuki beans have been grown in Canada for 15 years. Mainly exported to Japan. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A major producer of dry peas, winter canola, and canola oil. A consumer of adzuki beans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adzuki beans grow at 3200 CHU. Grown in Washington, South Minnesota, and other northern latitudes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dry peas are a cool-season crop well adapted to grow in temperate zones. Germinates in low soil temperatures; can germinate at 4ºC. Seedlings are tolerant to frosts down to -5ºC. If damaged by frost, new shoots can emerge from the cotyledonary node below the ground. Performs well in semi-arid climates, has a better WUE than other plants. Poor tolerance of heat stress during flowering. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease which affects adzuki beans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dry peas are 21% - 25% protein. Lower in trypsin inhibitor that is in soybeans. Contains condensed tannins. |
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Term
| Composure (winter canola) |
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Definition
| Winter canola meets the same erucic acid and glucosinolate content requirements as spring canola. Much higher oil content than spring canola. |
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Term
| Crop Development Centre (CDC) |
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Definition
| At U of Saskatchewan. Where new varieties of dry peas are developed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A seed treatment used on adzuki beans for insects and diseases. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to contorl stink bugs in adzuki beans. Normally used for mites. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of peas. Flower for a set period and are earlier maturing. 80 - 90 days to maturity. Almost all Canadian varieties are determinate. Includes semi-leafless type. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dry peas flower 40 - 50 days after planting, extending for 2 - 4 weeks. Flowers are white to reddish-purple, and self-pollinating. 4 - 9 seeds per pod. Seed pods mature from the bottom upwards. |
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Term
| Development (winter canola) |
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Definition
| Requires enough time in the fall to grow a deep taproot to provide reserves for spring growth. Has a vernalisation requirement. |
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Term
| Direct combining (adzuki bean) |
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Definition
| A method of harvesting adzuki beans. Desiccation occurs at 80% - 90% natural leaf drop. Can use a rotary combine to set dry beans, with a flax header. Auger head with an air reel, or draper head (if cutting the field at an angle), reduces loss. |
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Term
| Direct combining (dry pea) |
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Definition
| A method of harvesting dry peas. More common nowadays. Most successful in shorter, semi-leafless varieties with more erect growth habit. Allow the crop to mature standing, sprayed with desiccant if necessary. Should occur when seeds are 18% - 20% moisture, and vines are dry. |
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Term
| Direct combining (winter canola) |
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Definition
| A method of harvesting winter canola. The most common method of harvest in Ontario and Europe. Some European combines are fitted with side cutterbars. Normal moisture content at harvest is 10%. Harvest is usually at the same time as winter wheat, but wheat usually gets priority. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adzuki beans have greater tolerance to diseases than other dry beans. Susceptible to white mould, stem rot, bacterial blights, common mosaic virus, anthracnose, and root rots. Wider rows and sandy soils help prevent root rots and other moisture related diseases. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dry peas are susceptible to Ascochyta blight, root rots, sclerotinia stem rot, and powdery mildew. |
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Term
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Definition
| Winter canola is susceptible to sclerotinia stem rot, rhizoctonia root rot, anthracnose, and blackleg. |
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Term
|
Definition
Pisum sativum L.
A member of the Fabaceae family. The most important pulse crop in Western Canada. Grown in Ontario with cereals for silage or grain. A major export and feed crop. Has hypogeal gemination (cotyledons stay below ground level during germination). Round seeds (non-wrinkled). Usually single-stemmed, but can branch. Major developments are occuring to use pea proteins in human nutrition. Not often fed to poultry.
1 bu = 60 lbs |
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Term
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Definition
| Winter canola is a major oilseed. Affected by the gulf stream. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major producer of canola oil. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Adzuki beans have fertility needs similar to dry beans. Test the soil before planting. Best top-dressing times are when the plant is 5" - 6" tall, and when flowers are starting to form pods. |
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Term
| Fertility (winter canola) |
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Definition
| Winter canola has high NPK fertilizer requirements. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major producer of winter canola. Affected by the gulf stream. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A major producer of winter canola. Affected by the gulf stream. |
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Term
|
Definition
Roundup
A herbicide which is used for pre-plant burn downs in winter canola. Can be used as a desiccant in adzuki beans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carries turnip mosaic virus from swathed or harvested canola to rutabagas. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of pea. Sells for higher prices, but is more difficult to grade well. More susceptible to bleaching and water spots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tested winter canola from 1984 to 1986 at 23 different sites in Ontario. Found that areas downwind from lakes had better survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Ontario county where winter canola varieties were once produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ocean currents which bring warm climates to Germany, France, England, Poland, and the Ukraine, allowing winter canola to remain green and vegetative throughout the winter, despite being at a higher latitude than Ontario. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Ontario county where winter canola is produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adzuki beans are harvested at 14% moisture. The cylinder is run as slowly as possible to minimize damage. Desiccated with Aragon or glyphosate. Adzuki beans don't crack as badly as cranberry dry beans: smaller seeds, stronger coat. Either pulled or direct combined. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Special care must be taken when harvesting dry peas for food markets. High numbers of split, cracked, or soil-contaminated seeds makes the peas suitable only for feed. Quality is determined by splitting, cracking, soil contamination, stone contamination and bleaching. Handling of the crop should be gentle to avoid seed damage. Threshing is similar to soybeans. Keep the combine full to minimize damage to seeds. Methods of harvest include swathing and direct combining. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Winter canola is either directly harvested or swathed. |
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Term
| Hensall District Co-Cop (HDC) |
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Definition
| The largest handler of adzuki beans in Canada. Generates contracts with growers in south Ontario. Has several elevators in Ontario, contracts most adzuki beans. A whole contract of 1500 lbs/ac can generate $0.50/lb. Contracts are per acre, but does not have to be completely filled if yield is less than expected. Contracts can be made in 500 or 1000 lb increments: differ from whole contracts in that they must be filled completely. Partial contracts can be made for more than $0.50/lb. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A Pioneer winter canola hybrid. Bred in Georgetown for the European markets. Has a wide range of adaptations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of pea. Matures later: 90 - 100 days to maturity. Flower less uniformly. More susceptible to lodging, but are better able to withstand heat and water stress during flowering. Better adapted to dry regions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Now one of the world's top dry pea producers. One of the world's largest pea importers. A major producer of winter canola and canola oil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adzuki beans are affected by stink bugs, seed corn maggot, slugs, Mexican bean beetles, potato leafhoppers, bean leaf beetles, western bean cutworms, and tarnished plant bugs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Winter canola is affected by cabbage seed pod weevils and swede midge. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A major producer of canola oil. The top producer of adzuki beans: 100 thousand MT are consumed: 30 thousand MT imported (from China, US, Canada, Australia, Argentina), and 70 thousand MT are produced domestically. There are tariffs and import quotas that limit imports. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A consmer of adzuki beans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hybrid variety of winter canola from NPZ. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to control stink bugs in adzuki beans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| What they call Roundup Ready soybeans in the Ukraine. Roundup Ready soybeans are illegal in the Ukraine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| For adzuki beans, Mn is typically not a problem in loam soils. A problem in muck or sandy soils. Deficiency shows as green veins and pale green to white interveinal areas on the upper leaves. Treat with 2 kg/ha of Mn. Taken up as Mn2+, which is found in compacted soils. Tire tracks can cause green strips in the field, were Mn2+ take-up is good. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third top province for dry pea production. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In Ontario, all adzuki beans are dealth through HDC. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dry pea prices can be about $250/ton. |
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Term
| Marketing (winter canola) |
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Definition
| Most winter canola is trucked directly to Bunge or ADM, usually not stored on-farm. There is a small price premium for winter canola because it can be marketed in late July or early August, ahead of spring canola. A new crushing plant was built 6 years ago in Montreal, attracting some spring canola from eastern Ontario. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A minor insect pest in adzuki beans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deficiencies are rare in dry peas. |
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Term
| Mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP) |
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Definition
| A fertilizer suitable for dry peas at rates up to 20 kg/ha, but other N fertilizers an injure the seed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Winter canola is anti-mycorrhizal; cannot grow corn after canola for this reason. |
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Term
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Definition
| There is no benefit to inoculating adzukie beans, even though they are N fixing. It will fix N if inoculated with a specific bacteria, supplied by the contracting elevator. It is better to apply N fertilizers. It is common to apply 100 kg/ha as insurance towards bronzing of leaves and root rots, and boost yields with larger seed size and better quality. Liquid 28-0-0 or dry fertilizers can be used. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major producer of canola oil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dry peas can fix N, and get most of their N from fixation using Rhizobium leguminosarum. If N tests are very low (<30 kg/ha), apply 20 kg/ha at planting to support crop until fixation is underway. If the crop responds to N fertilizer, it is not fixing at its maximum rate. MAP can be used. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 20 - 40 kg/ha recommended for winter canola. Higher rates result in the crop not hardening off sufficiently before winter. Additional 100 kg/ha is added in the spring. |
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Term
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Definition
| A German company which produced the hybrid winter canola varieties Visby and Kronos. C & M Seeds is an agent of NPZ. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adzuki beans originated in China and eastern Asia. It was introduced to Japan over 1000 years ago. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dry peas originated in southwestern Asia: Iran, Iraq, Syria (Mesopotamia), 9,000 years ago. |
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Term
|
Definition
In 2000, Ontario produced 5,000 ac of winter canola, mostly in Repley, Harriston, and Thamesville counties. In 2013, Ontario produced 2,000 ac of winter canola. In 2015, almost no winter canola was produced. Winter canola has inconsistent winter survival: killed by spring frosts after it de-hardens. Cannot survive in wet areas where ice sheets form. Deep tap roots grow into tile drains. Freezing tolerance or chemical applications that overcome spring deathe are needed for winter canola to become popular in Ontario.
13,000 ac of adzuki beans were grown in 2014 in Ontario, 90% of which were exported to Japan. |
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Term
| Ontario Soybean and Canola Committee (OSACC) |
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Definition
| Used to be called Ontario Oil and Protein Seed Crop Committee (OOPSCC). Tests winter canola varieties. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A major producer of canola oil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Advisable when growing dry peas for food markets. Contracting companies often provide seed on grower credit. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A herbicide used for pre-emergence control in adzuki beans. |
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Term
| Phosphorus and potassium (adzuki bean) |
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Definition
| Adzuki beans require minimum to high levels. |
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Term
| Phosphorus and potassium (dry pea) |
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Definition
| Dry peas require fertilization based on soil tests and yield goals. Up to 20 kg/ha of P2O5 may be placed directly in with seed. |
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Term
| Phosphorus and potassium (winter canola) |
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Definition
| Winter canola requires about 20 kg/ha for soils with average soil tests. Actual amount depends on the target yield, and crop removal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adzuki beans can be treated with Crusier Max Beans. Time planting to avoid heavy rainfall and crusting. Adzuki beans have weak root systems, and lack early season vigour. Seeds are small: over 4000 seeds/lb. Rolling is good practice after planting, to ensure good soil to seed contact, and ensuring direct harvest header doesn't pick up rocks. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dry peas are usually planted with an air seeder. Equipment must be capable of planting the seed gently without splitting them. Most western air seeders use shovel openers rather than disk openers. Plant into moisture. Plant as early as possible in the spring, as soon as soil temperature is at least 5ºC. MAP can be used. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Winter canola has conventional planting, same as spring canola. Firm and level seedbed is prepared by rolling the soil. Ideal planting time is after August 25 in central Ontario, with significant yield reducitons after September 1. In southern Ontario, the ideal time to plant is September 10. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A herbicide that can be used in dry peas, and in winter canola to control volunteer winter wheat in the fall. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A herbicide used for post-emergence control of grasses in adzuki beans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Winter canola is a major oilseed. Affected by the gulf stream. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A minor insect in adzuki beans. |
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Term
|
Definition
Erysiphe pisi
A disease which affects dry peas. Economically important when planted too late. Overwinters on crop residues. Infection is favoured by warm, dry weather with nights that produce dew. Yield loss does not normally occur unless infection takes place before pod set. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A method of harvesting adzuki beans. 90% of pods have changed colour. Pulling, windrowing, then combining. Use if header loss is a problem. A knife or chain puller is required to pull the beans from the ground, and a windrower merges the piles into windrows which are then combined. Alternatively, pull-type bean combines can be used. Equipment is more expensive, but this method often gets higher quality beans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A herbicide that can be used in dry peas and adzuki beans. Rarely used in dry peas: has long-lasting residues in the soil to which canola is sensitive. Used for pre-emergence control in adzuki beans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A herbicide used for post-emergence control of broadleavs in adzuki beans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The net revenue for winter canola is $275/ac. Competitive with soybeans if the crop can survive the winter. Soybeans have the advantage of fixing N. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The N-fixing rhizobium bacteria that fixes N for dry peas. There are different strains for other legumes. It is lost over the winter, so inoculation is necessary every year dry peas are grown. Inoculants are available as dry powdered peat, liquids, granular, or pre-inoculated seed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disease which affects winter canola. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An Ontario county where winter canola is produced. Has a blackleg problem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disease which affects dry peas and adzuki beans. In dry peas, seed treatments can be used, but be careful it doesn't reduce the effectiveness of inoculants. In adzuki beans, it includes Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Fusarium, and it is important to scout for them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Winter canola is anti-mycorrhizal. Do not follow with corn: always results in poor stunted crop: corn needs mycorrhizae for good P uptake. Do not follow with soybeans or edible beans, for white mould and anthracnose risk. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Special plates are needed to plant adzuki beans: typically a 30" corn planter is used for good soil contact and depth control. However, narrower rows could assist in direct combining, since pods would be higher off the ground. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dry peas are usually planted in 6" - 8" rows. |
|
|
Term
| Row width (winter canola) |
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Definition
| Winter canola is planted in 7" rows. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Now one of the world's top dry pea producers. A major producer of canola oil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Do not grow rutabagas in the same area as winter canola. Winter canola is a host for turnip mosaic virus, whcih can be carried by green peach aphid. Prevents formation of a fleshy root: "globing up". |
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Term
|
Definition
| The top province for dry pea production. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disease which affects dry peas and winter canola. A problem when peas follow other susceptible crops too closely in a rotation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adzuki beans are scouted in 6 passes over the growing season. The first pass looks for pre-emergence herbicide needs. Closer scouting is needed if the canopy is wet and lush; there is high risk of disease. |
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Term
| Seed Bed Utilization (SBU) |
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Definition
| The concentration of fertilizer in the seed-row. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A minor insect pest in adzuki beans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A journal that has a list, starting on page 97, of dry pea varieties: 25 yellow, 10 green, 2 maple, 1 Dun, and 3 silage peas. Lists characteristics, yield comparisons, maturity classes, vine length, seed size, susceptibilities to dimpling and seedcoat cracking, disease susceptibilities to Aschochyta blight, Fusarium wilt, and powdery mildew, and other information. |
|
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Term
| Seeding depth (adzuki bean) |
|
Definition
| Adzuki beans are planted 0.5" - 2.5" deep, depending on soil moisture. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Dry peas are planted 3 - 8 cm deep. |
|
|
Term
| Seeding depth (winter canola) |
|
Definition
| Winter canola is platned 1/2" - 3/4" inches deep. |
|
|
Term
| Seeding rate (adzuki bean) |
|
Definition
| Ideal populations for adzuki beans are 100 - 155 thousand plants/ac. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The seeding rate for dry pea is 70 - 80 plants/m2, or 200,000 plants/ac. |
|
|
Term
| Seeding rate (winter canola) |
|
Definition
| Winter canola has a seeding rate of 3.5 - 4.0 lbs/ac, or 4 - 6 seeds/row-foot. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of determinate pea. Modified leaves become tendrils, and have shorter vines less than a meter long. Most photosynthesis is done in the tendrils. The tendrils intertwine and give the canopy great support, increasing stability and ease of harvest. Poor weed competitors in early development. Most Western Canadian varieties are semi-leafless. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vertical cutterbars in addition to horizontal cutterbars. Found on European combines used for direct harvest of winter canola. Less common in Ontario. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A minor pest in adzuki beans. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Adzuki beans must be planted in soil with a neutral pH no less than 6. Avoid clay soils, and soils with poor drainage and surface flooding. Do best in well-drained, sand, silt loam, or loamy clay soils that minimize water stress and emergence issues. Soil must be adapted to pulling harvest. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Dry peas do well on moist soils. Susceptible to drought. Do not tolerate poorly-drained or saline soils. Will die if the root is waterlogged for more than 48 hours. Not grown in the Red River Valley for this reason. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A problem in adzuki beans, since they have weak emergence. Use a rotary hoe or harrow to break up the soil surface. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Have a lower cost of production than adzuki beans, but generate less revenue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pseudomonas
A disease which affects adzuki beans. Caused by excessive moisture on the plant. Wilting of the plant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major insect pest in adzuki beans. Bite through the pod, creating unmarketable beans which cannot be separated from the rest, causing large dockage fees. Controlled with Cygon or Madator. The threshold level is 1 bug/row-foot. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Dry peas are stored at 16% moisture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Winter canola is stored at 8.5% moisture for long-term storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deficiencies in dry peas are sometimes seen. Soil tests are reommended if S levels are in question. Acid rain is lower than it once was, so deficienies are more common. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Winter canola requires abundant S. Deficiencies threat yields. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of harvesting dry peas. Occurs when most pods have turned yellow, or when moisture reaches 25% - 30%. Swathers are often equipped with vine lifters that allow the cutting knife to access the base of the stem. Early morning/late afternoon swathing reduces shattering losses because pods are tougher. Combining should occur soon after swathing to preserve quality and ensure the swath is not moved or damaged by wind. Delay combining if green weeds are swathed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of harvesting winter canola. Sometimes it is done so that farmers can get canola off before harvesting winter wheat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An insect pest in winter canola. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dry peas are high in tannins. This makes them not good feed for ruminants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A minor insect pest in adzuki beans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An Ontario county where winter canola is produced. |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| No-till and strip till is not common in adzuki beans. Conventional tillage for uniform soil moisture, a good seed to soil contact with minimal crusting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conventional and no-till are both used in dry peas. |
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Term
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Definition
| A herbicide used to control volunteer winter wheat in winter canola in the fall. |
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Term
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Definition
| A herbicide that can be used in dry peas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dry peas are low in trypsin inhibitor, allowing them to be fed to pigs without first cooking them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A weed that lays down tracks of seeds in dry pea fields. |
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Term
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Definition
| Winter canola is a host for this disease, which is carried by green peach aphid. Prevents formation of a fleshy root in rutabagas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Affected by the gulf stream. The bread-basket of the world since 2000 BC. All the 1-ac parcels were recently turned into larger farms. Roundup Ready soubeans are illegal, and they call them "Magic soybeans". Has black topsoil. Winter canola is a major oilseed. Survival is higher near lakes due to modified climates, and low in high snowfall accumulation areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major producer of canola oil. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major producer of dry peas and canola oil. Winter canola is making a come-back in the southern regions below Kentucy and Kansas. It is platned in September, and can be off in late June or July of the next year, giving enough time to double-crop with soybeans. There is very little winterkill. Winter canola is mainly used for biofuel. |
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Term
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Definition
| There are three main types of dry pea: green, yellow, maple. Flowering types are determinate and indeterminate. Pedigreed seed is advisable when growing to food markets. There are no GMO peas. It is a long day plant adapted for broad ranges of latitudes. New varieties are develoeped at the CDC in Saskatchewan. Varieties listed in Seed Manitoba. |
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Term
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Definition
| Field testing of winter canola varietis was discontinued in 2010 after a 20 year attempt, with some work from U of G. Most production is in Wellington, Grey, and Bruce counties. Includes Visby, Kronos, and hybrid varieties including Hi-Bred. |
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Term
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Definition
| A herbicide used for post-emergence control of grasses in adzuki beans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A period of cold temperatures required to hasten flowering. Winter canola has vernalisation requirements. Breeding out this trait is one objective in breeding programs. In the US, it must be grown in areas which get frost. |
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Term
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Definition
| A variety of winter canola. The only registered variety available in Ontario. A hybrid from NPZ. Provided by C & M Seeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adzuki beans can appear in a field up to 8 years after growing it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common weed in winter canola. Controlled in the fall with Treflan or Poast. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weeds in adzuki beans are ideally controlled pre-emergence with Pursuit or Phantom. Post-emergence control with Reflex, Assure II, Poast Ultra, and Ventral L. |
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Term
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Definition
| Options in dry peas are limited. Peas are poor weed competitors in early development. Application of broad-spectrum herbicides prior to harvest of previous crop, spring burn-down, or pre-emergence. In severe cases after emergence. Trifluralin, Basagran, Poast, Assure, and Pursuit may be used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Winter canola is very competitive once it is established; can grow without herbicides in fields with low weed pressures. Volunteer winter wheat. There are no RR or LL varieties registered. Glyphosate burn-down before planting. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Ontario county where winter canola varieties were once produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| A minor insect pest in adzuki beans. |
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Term
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Definition
Sclerotinia
A disease which affects adzuki beans, but is not a major problem. Fungus starts from apothecia in the soil which germinate on dead petals. Always scout after flowering starts. Humid days and cool nights increase chances of infections. |
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Term
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Definition
Brassica napus
Winter oilseed rape
A biennial canola, distinct from spring canola. A larger plant: 25% taller. Planted in the fall, over-winters under the snow, and produces seeds in the spring or summer of the following year. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of pea. Most widely grown type. Includes CDC Meadow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Yield varies in adzuki beans. Up to 4000 lbs/ac, generally averaging 1500 lbs/ac. Lower than white beans, but easier to grow, with lower pesticide use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dry pea yield can average over 100 bu/ac. |
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Term
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Definition
| Winter canola has higher yield potential than spring canola. In Europe, yields can be as high as 6 - 7 T/ha. |
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