Term
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Definition
| Produces mustard. 132 kha of mustard were planted in Alberta this year. |
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Definition
| A fungal disease that causes floret abortion, premature ripening, and pod splitting in mustard. Very low in severity except in cool, wet summers. |
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Definition
| The most effective fertilizer for split application in mustard. Does not have the volatiliziation risk of urea. Use a coulter application at low speeds and shallow injection. Dribble banding is also effective but leaf scorching can occur. |
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Definition
| The world's third top producer of sunflowers. |
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Definition
| Used for post-emergence control of grasses in sunflowers. |
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Definition
| An insect pest in sunflowers. Burrows into the seed. |
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Definition
| A non-GMO sunflower hybrid with tolerance to group 2 herbicides including Beyond. From Bayer Crop Science. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in sunflower production to increased pollination and seed set, especially in Western Canada. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in mustard. |
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Definition
| A group 2 herbicide to which BASF Clearfield sunflowers are tolerant of. |
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Definition
| A major pest in sunflowers. Includes red-winged blackbirds. Seed is easily accessible and birds feed on it after nesting season in July, especially near swamps where they nest. Causes significant yield losses. Controlled by harassing the birds with loud noises: shotgun shots, airplanes, automatic exploders. Desiccation and early harvest can combat loss. |
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Definition
| A growing market for sunflower seeds. Usually black oilseed sunflowers are used because they are cheaper. |
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Definition
| The most recent buyer of mustard in Ontario. In Seaforth. |
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Definition
| A type of mustard. Used for making Dijon mustard. |
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Definition
The top producer of mustard. Exports mostly to the US. Prices fell 2014 - 2015 due to less exports to the EU. Alberta and Saskatchewan produce mustard.
The 31st top producer of sunflowers. Produces 113,500 tons/year. The largest exporter of sunflowers tot he US, and the largest importer of US sunflower. |
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Term
| Canadian Food Inspection Agency |
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Definition
| Registers sunflower varieties. |
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Definition
| The largest handler of mustard in Western Canada. |
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Definition
| A disease which affects fava beans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cover crop. Not a very good nitrogen fixer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of the combine used to harvest sunflowers. Minimizes seed loss by catching fallen seeds and heads. |
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Definition
| Mustard has high tolerance for drought, heat, and frost. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflowers grow best at 20 - 30ºC, with an ideal at 27 - 28ºC. Can withstand frosts down to -6ºC, but need a 120 day frost-free period. Grow in 2200 - 2300 CHU regions, at latitudes from 20 - 55ºN. Sensitive to wind; can lodge in a storm. Deep roots make sunflowers drought resistant, but require massive amounts of water to grow well. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of sunflower. Used for seed consumption. The plant is 1.6 - 2.0m tall, and has a longer maturity. A bushel is 27 - 32 lbs. Needs to be high quality; if they do not reach standards, they are used in baking or birdseed. The seeds are striped and bred for size. Largest seeds are used for in-shell markets, medium seeds for hulled kernel markets, and small seeds are used in birdseed and pet-food. Graded based on size and wuality. The most valuable grade is jumbo. Prices are $0.28/lb, and production is usually 1650 lbs/ac. |
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Term
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Definition
| For mustard, the first tillage is in fall or early spring, and second tillage evenly distributes trash and packs seedbed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflowers can be used as a cover crop, but the biggest limitation is cost of seed. The taproot breaks up the soil hard pan. Cover cropping is over-hyped. |
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Term
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Definition
| 20% - 30% protein, 24% - 35% oil, 12% - 18% carbohydrates, 6% -12% other lipids. High in glucosinolates. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in mustard. Monior at germination and emergence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflowers flower at 70 - 80 days after planting, and mature at 120 days. Have maturity ratings of 75 - 85 days, depending on hybrid. Maturity is reached when the bracts of the flower turn brown. Can self-pollinate, but insect pollinators increase seed set. They are heliotropic, and have epigeal emergence. |
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Definition
| An insect pest in mustard. |
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Definition
| A method of harvesting mustard. The combine needs to be set up properly to prevent yield losses from cracking, or seeds falling out of the back of the combine. Cylinder speed should be 1/2 - 2/3 of that used for cereals. Over-threshing is a common problem: causes cracking, high dockage, and loading of the shoe with excessive trash. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sclerotinia stem rot, white rust, alternaria black spot, and white leaf spot affect mustard. A good rotation and pest management can control disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Because sunflowers are native to North America, there are many native pathogens: sclerotinia wilt, sclerotinia head rot, downey mildew, and white mould. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flowers in a sunflower head that form seds. Surrounded by ray flowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease which affects sunflowers. Kills plants off early int he season, preventing chance for viable seed quality. |
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Term
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Definition
| A non-GMO sunflower hybrid which has tolerance to herbicides for post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds such as Canada thistle. From DuPont. |
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Term
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Definition
Ethalfluralin
Used for in-crop control in yellow msutard. The only herbicide registered for use in yellow mustard. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflowers emerge with cotyledons above the ground, and leaf number determines the vegetative stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major crop in Western Canada. One of the best nitrogen fixers: nodules are in bunches. Fixes 50% more N than soybeans. Lacks trypsin inhibitor. A staple in the middle east. Grows better in moisture. Susceptible to chocolate spot. Yields better than canola. Not big in the Mediterranean area due to favism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition more common in people of Mediterranean descent. Eating fava beans can cause them to develop a blood disorder, which can hospitalize them. This has prevented fava benas from becoming big in the Mediterranean. |
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Term
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Definition
| For mustard, adjust target yields lower during dry years. Best to apply all fertility requirements at planting, but might not be the most economic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil testing and pre-plant broadcast or banding. Combination applications can assist in accurate timing of application. In-crop side-dressing can be used. Sunflowers have sensitivity to salt index fertilizers in the seed-row. Recommended to apply in 2 x 2 bands. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in mustard. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of contract used in marketing sunflowers. The seller will deliver a specific amount of seed on a specific date at an agreed-on price. Often subjected to premiums and discounts, depending on quality. Successful with oilseed sunflowers. |
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Definition
| A company which produces mustard condiments. |
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Definition
| Used for a burndown in fall or early spring in mustard. Used for pre-emergence burndown in sunflowers. A chemical desiccant used on sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in mustard. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mustard is harvested at 9% moisture, and an acceptable green seed count. Direct combining or swathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflowers are harvested in October to December, when frost has penetrated the soil to ensure proper drying of the head. Earlier is better, to avoid birds and rot. A chemical desiccant can be used to reduce the drying period, and aid in threshing, applied when the plantis between 30% - 35% moisture: Reglone, Heat, or glyphosate. Harvested at 14% - 16% moisture. If harvested at less than 14% moisture, seeds shell, resulting in loss. The combine is outfitted with sunflower platform headers, collector pans, and a top shield. An auger header is used, because a draper header would become slippery with oil. It is possible to use a regular cutter bar or corn header, but it is less effective and results in loss. Headers enter the combine, in as few pieces as possible, with as little stalk as possible, and are threshed an discarded out of the back. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical desiccant used on sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A company which produces mustard condiments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflowers follow the sun during the day. This occurs right up until shortly after flowering, when they permanently face East. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of oilseed sunflower. The traditional and most preferred sunflower oil: has a neutral taste when cooking. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of oilseed sunflower. Produces less double bonds and less trans fatty acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grasshoppers, cutworms, bertha armyworms, flea beetles, diamondback moths, and swede midge are a problem in mustard. Can be controlled by Matador. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflower midge, sunflower beetle, sunflower stem weevil, banded sunflower moth, wireworms, and seedcorn maggots are a problem in sunflower. Control with seed insecticide and/or post-emergence insecticides. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most valuable grade of sunflower seed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest sunflower-producing province: produces 90% of Canada's sunflowers. 150 - 200 thousand acres are planted each year. 60% of the sunflowers are confectionary, and 40% are oilseed. Grown in the Red River valley, and on the escarpment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mustard is marketed mostly to the condiment industry: French's and Heinz. Prices of mustard is expected to raise to $800/t. Parrish and Heimbecker, Cargill, and BroadGrain Commodities are large buyers of mustard. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflowers are usually bought with contracts at crushing plants. There may be forward-cash contracts. Contracts often specify the variety grown and number of acres. There is a crushing plant in North Dakota. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to control insects in mustard. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of oilseed sunflower. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause issues in stored mustard, due to heating or condesnation in the bin. |
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Term
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Definition
| 20% - 25% crude protein, 65% - 80% digestible dry matter. |
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Term
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Definition
Ethametsulfuron methyl
The only herbicide for in-crop use in brown and Oriental mustard. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second largest producer of mustard. |
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Term
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Definition
| In mustard, deficiency is a pale green to yellow foliage, and stunted plants. Older leaves show deficiency symptoms first. Leads to a thin canopy and decreased flowering time and pod set. Mustard responds strongly to N addition: yield gains of 30%. |
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Term
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Definition
| In sunflower, recommendations vary with soil type, climate, moisture, rotation, and residual N. |
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Term
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Definition
| For mustard, evenly distribute trash during harvest. |
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Definition
| The main sunflower-producing county in Ontario. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of sunflower, used for oil productoin. The plant is 1.6 - 1.8m tall. Has small black seeds with high oil content: 39% - 49%. Some are used in birdseed due to small seed size. A bushel is 22 - 28 lbs. Includes high linoleic, mid-oleic, and high oleic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflwoers are grown for birdseed and confectionary. 1,300 - 2,500 acres are planted per year. Produces 1% of Canada's sunflowers. Grown mostly in Norfolk county. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mustard originated in temperate regions of Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflowers originated in southwestern US and Mexico in 3000 BC. Native Americans used them for oil, and to make flour and bread. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type sunflower. Has to be very low in disease to be marketable. |
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Definition
| A milling company in Hamilton. The world's largest milling plant for dry mustard. |
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Definition
| Phosphorus is key for a good root system in mustard. Deficiency is stunted plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Planting mustard early allows the crop to mature before the hottest part of the year. Plant into a clean field to avoid weeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Planting sunflowers begins May 1st, no later than June 1st. After June 1st, it is best to plant oilseed sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for post-emergence control of grasses in sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
Dust lice
Cause issues in stored mustard due to heating or condensation in the bin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flowers in a sunflower head that produce the petals which surround the disk flowers. Do not produce seed. |
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Term
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Definition
| An especially bad bird pest in sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical desiccant used on sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for a burndown in fall or early spring in mustard. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mustard may be grown in rotation with small grain crops. Do not grow more than every 4 years. Do not grow on land that has grown an oilseed or other disease-susceptible crop. Do not grow corn after mustard or any crucifer: they kill mycorrhizae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflowers are beneficial to rotations: the deep roots utilize water and moisture at depths that other crops cannot. Add high amounts of residue to the field. Decrease insect and weed pressure, and reduce herbicide resistance in weeds. Following sunflowers with sunflowers, soybeans, or corn leads to white mould problems. A typical Ontario rotation: sunflower/wheat/soybeans/corn. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflowers are planted with a corn planter in 30" rows. |
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Definition
| The world's second top sunflower producer. |
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Definition
| Mustard production is down 45% from last year. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease that affects sunflowers. Air-borne spores infect the head, deforming the seed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A soil-borne fungus that infects mustard plants at flowering, from air-borne spores. More prevalent in wet years. Apply foliar fungicide at 10% - 50% bloom (only economic with high infection risk). |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease that affects sunflowers. Infects plants and causes rapid death and yield reduction. Sunflowers are the only crop where it can spread by root. |
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Definition
| Recommends sunflower genotypes online. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in sunflower. Damages early in the season. |
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Term
| Seedbed preparation (mustard) |
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Definition
| The seedbed for mustard must be firm, moist, and uniform for sufficient soil-to-seed contact and moisture absorption. Depends on the production system. Conventional tillage and no-till. |
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Term
| Seedbed preparation (sunflower) |
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Definition
| Fall tillage, with a chisel or moldboard plow, then spring tillage, usually cultipacked to maintain moisture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depends onn moisture: if moist, plant 0.5" - 1.0"; if dry, plant deeper to reach moisture. |
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Term
| Seeding depth (sunflower) |
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Definition
| Sunflowers are planted at a depth of 2". |
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Term
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Definition
| Mustard is planted at 7 - 10 lbs/ac: compensates for low seeding rates with branching. Low plant density increases time to maturity, and makes it more susceptible to insects, weeds, and diseases. Target spacing is 5 - 6 plants/sq. ft. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oilseed sunflowers are planted at 22,000 plants/ac. Confectionary sunflowers are planted at no more than 18,000 plants/ac, ensuring large seed size. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to control grasses and volunteer wheat in mustard. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for post-emergence control of grasses in sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mustard is best suited for fertile, well-drained loamy soils. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the largest packers of confectionary sunflowers in Canada. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mustard is stored at 9% moisture, and less than 20ºC. Fresh seeds have high respiration rate and should be monitored. Drying temperature should not exceed 43ºC. Damage occurs at 49ºC. Two staged drying is recommended. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflowers are stored at 8 - 10% moisture. Dry quickly and are highly flammable: must be dried at low temperatures with close monitoring. The hull dries faster than the kernel; to get an accurate moisture reading, first allow the seeds to sit in a contained overnight. Mold can grow in the bin if it is too hot; an aeration system should circulate through the entire bin, regulating temperature. Sunflowers are light and bulky, and may need more space than other crops. |
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Term
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Definition
| Do not place more than 10 lbs/ac with mustard seed: sensitive to the salts. Side-band or broadcast, or use sweeps to increase seedbed use for higher rates. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tall, broadleaf, annual plant that does not usually branch. Has a hairy stem that becomes very fibrous. The seeding body is a large head 20 - 50 cm across, consisting of ray and disk flowers. The roots can reach a depth of 3 m, and can extract water from the soil that is otherwise unavailable, but can clog tile drains. Includes confectionary, oilseed, and ornamental sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Useful for cooking. Used in many industrial processes and frying. |
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Term
| Sunflower platform header |
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Definition
| A component of a combine used to harvest sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of harvesting mustard. Should begin when most seeds are at 25% moisture. Seeds will feel firm when pressed between fingers. Pod colour does not always indicate maturity. Form windrows, then pick them up by combine. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in mustard. Less of an issue than it is in canola. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cover crop that can break through the soil hard pan. Brings N to the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for burndown in fall or early spring mustard. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of the combine used to harvest sunflowers. Prevents heads from going over the header. |
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Term
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Definition
| The world top producer of sunflowers. Produced 11.05 million tons in 2013. The soil is black and the climate is warm and moist: ideal conditions for sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| There are three types of mustard: yellow, brown, and Oriental. |
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Term
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Definition
| Almost all sunflower varieties are hybrids. When choosing variety, consider yield, oil content, maturity, seed size, height, lodging, and disease resistance. Vareities are registered with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Seed Manitoba. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for post-emergence control of volunteer corn. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weeds such as cow cockel, cleavers, wild mustard, wild buckwheat, and volunteer canola can cause high losses during seed cleaning of mustard, and lowers market grade. Can use glyphosate, Treflan, Rival, Select + Amigo, Edge, and Muster. There are no herbicides to control for annual sowthistle, Canada thistle, dandelion, field bindweed, shepherd's purse, common groundsel, narrow leaved hawk's beard, stork's bill, and Tartary buckwheat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weeds such as wild oats, wild mustard, and kochia can be detrimental to sunflowers. Sunflowers compete well with weeds. Control with light tillage, pre-plant, or pre-emergence herbicides. Glyphosate, Assert, Poast, Select Max, and Venture L may be used. |
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Term
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Definition
Grey stem
A fungal disease that causes white spots on mustard leaves, usually at rosette stage and grey patches appear on stems and pods, giving the whole plant a grey appearance. Occurs across the prairies. Normally does not affect yield. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease which affects sunflowers. It is worse if sunflowers follow sunflowers in a rotation. |
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Term
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Definition
Staghead
A fungal disease that affects mustard. Causes deformed and swollen flowering stem and pods, initially green and turn brown to white. Most varieties have good resistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in sunflowers. Damages early in the season. |
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